Osteology

Question 1

Joints

Answer 1

• Cartilaginous:
  - sternocostal (1°), costochondral (1°), manubriosternal + xiphisternal (2°), IV disc
• Synovial:
  - sternocostal, sternoclavicular, costotransverse, costovertebral
• Manubriosternum is a symphysis
• Sternum ossifies in cartilages + has deep cervical fascia

Question 2

Ribs

Answer 2

• True = 1-7
• False = 8-10
• Floating = 11-12
• Atypical = 1,11,12

Question 3

Relations of 1st &12th rib

Answer 3

1st rib:
- L. subclavian artery
- Suprapleural membrane
- Serratus anterior
- T1 nerve root

12th rib:
- costodiaphragmatic recess
- subcostal n.
- right kidney shaft (POST)

11th rib:
- left kidney

Question 4

Typical Rib Relations

Answer 4

• Costal groove: IC nerve
• Inner surface: Parietal pleura
• Sternochondral joint: Internal thoracic artery
• Head: Sympathetic trunk
• Vertebral border: Azygous vein

Question 5

Muscles of the ANT abdominal wall

Answer 5

1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3. Transversus abdominis
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Pyrimidalis

Question 6

Rectus sheath encloses

Answer 6

1. Rectus abdominis muscle
2. Pyramidalis
3. Epigastric vessels
4. ANT lower 6 thoracic nerves
5. Lymphatics
6. Aponeuroses forms Linea Alba
7. POST layer forms arcuate line

Question 7

Physiological herniation of gut loops

Answer 7

1. 180° rotation of midgut loops occurs when the loop returns to abdominal cavity
2. Gastroschisis occurs due to the above process
3. Only midgut is involved in the process
4. Occurs due to rapid growth of intestinal loops
5. Commences @ 6th week of IUL

Question 8

Clara cells

Answer 8

1. Found in respiratory + terminal bronchioles
2. Detoxify substances
3. Have no cilia
4. Have ability to replace damaged cells
5. Secretes a component of surfactant

Question 9

Circumvallate papillae

Answer 9

1. Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
2. Supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve
3. Contains numerous taste buds
4. Has von Ebner’s glands
5. Filiform papillae is the most common papillae type of tongue

Question 10

Meckel’s Diverticulum

Answer 10

1. Can cause an obstruction in SI
2. Represents a persistent remnant of Vitello intestinal duct
3. Site for ectopic gastric mucosa
4. Presents on the anti-mesenteric border of SI
5. Most common congenital abnormality in the SI

Question 11

POST Abdominal Wall

Answer 11

• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• IVC + aorta
• psoas, quad. lumb, iliacus
• crura of diaphragm
• thoracolummbar fascia

Question 12

Thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 12

• attached to transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
• fuses with quadratus lumborum laterally
• over the 1st rib (POST layer)