Abdomen

Question 1

How is the abdomen divided up?

Answer 1

9 regions by, 2 vertical planes and two horizontal planes

Question 2

What is the vertical planes?

Answer 2

2 midclavicular plane

Question 3

What is midclavicular plane?

Answer 3

extend inferiorly from midpoint of clavicle to midpoint of lines joining ASIS to pubic symphysis

Question 4

What are the horizontal planes?

Answer 4

subcostal and transtubercular plane

Question 5

What is the subcostal plane?

Answer 5

lowest point of costal margin on each side, inferior margin of rib 10 (L3)

Question 6

What is the transtubercular plane?

Answer 6

joins the tubercles of the iliac crests (L5)

Question 7

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 7

Right Hypochondrium
Epigastric
Left Hypochondrium
Right Flank
Umbilical
Left Flank
Right Groin
Pubic
Left Groin

Question 8

Where does the liver lie in the regions?

Answer 8

right hypochondrium and epigastric region

Question 9

Where does the spleen and fundus and body of the stomach lie in the regions?

Answer 9

left hypochondrium region

Question 10

What are the quadrants of the abdomen?

Answer 10

Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant

Question 11

What is the median plane?

Answer 11

vertical plane through midline

Question 12

What is the transumbilical plane?

Answer 12

horizontal plane through the umbilicus

Question 13

Where does the Umbilicus lie?

Answer 13

L2-L5

Question 14

What are the Layers of the Anterior Abdominal Wall? Superficial to Deep

Answer 14

skin
camper's fascia (superficial layer of superficial fascia)
scarpa's fascia (deep layer of superficial fascia)
deep fascia
external oblique muscle
internal oblique muscle
transversus abdominis muscle
transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fascia
parietal peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
visceral peritoneum
abdominal organs

Question 15

What are the two layers of the fascia of anterior abdominal wall

Answer 15

superficial and deep fascia

Question 16

What two layers are the superficial fascia broke into?

Answer 16

superficial layer

Deep layer

Question 17

What is the superficial layer (camper’s) made up of?

Answer 17

fatty layer

Question 18

What is the deep layer (scarpa’s) made up of?

Answer 18

membranous layer

Question 19

What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 19

Linea Alba
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus Abdominis 
Rectus Abdominis
Pyramidalis

Question 20

What muscles are innervated by the anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves?

Answer 20

External Oblique

Rectus Abdominis

Question 21

What muscles are innervated by the anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves and first lumbar nerves?

Answer 21

Internal Oblique

Transversus Abdominis

Question 22

What is the longest raphe in the body?

Answer 22

linea alba

Question 23

What muscle is innervated by the subcostal nerve?

Answer 23

pyramidalis

Question 24

Is the pyramidalis often missing?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What does all the anterior abdominal wall muscles insert into via their aponeuroses?

Answer 25

linea alba

Question 26

What is the function of the external oblique?

Answer 26

compress abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, lateral flex trunk

Question 27

What is the function of the Internal oblique?

Answer 27

compress abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, lateral flex trunk

Question 28

What direction does fibers of external oblique run?

Answer 28

downward and forward

Question 29

What direction does fibers of internal oblique run?

Answer 29

downward and backward

Question 30

What is the function of the transversus abdominis?

Answer 30

helps stabilize spine, compresses abdomen, supports abdominal viscera

Question 31

What direction does fibers of transversus abdominis run?

Answer 31

horizontally across abdomen

Question 32

What is the function of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 32

6 pack, compresses abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, anterior flex of trunk

Question 33

Where does the linea albia run?

Answer 33

down middle of right and left rectus abdominis

Question 34

Where does the linea semilunaris?

Answer 34

curved line that runs lateral border of rectus abdominis muscles

Question 35

What is the tendinous intersections?

Answer 35

make the six pack, run tranversely across rectus abdominis

Question 36

What is the function of the pyramidalis?

Answer 36

tenses linea alba

Question 37

What are the abdominal wall muscles active in?

Answer 37

``` coughing (vagus nerve) sneezing (trigemital nerve) vomiting micturition (peeing) defecation (constipation) parturition (child birth) ```

Question 38

What is the rectus sheath formed by?

Answer 38

external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

Question 39

What is enclosed inside the rectus sheath?

Answer 39

``` rectus abdominis pyramidalis superior epigastric artery and vein inferior epigastric artery and vein anterior primary rami of lower 6 thoracic nerves ```

Question 40

What is the arcuate line?

Answer 40

crescent shaped line, midway between umbilicus and pubic crest

Question 41

What is above the arcuate line?

Answer 41

anterior and posterior layer of rectus sheath

Question 42

What is the anterior layer of rectus sheath above the arcuate line made up of?

Answer 42

aponeuroses of external and internal oblique muscles

Question 43

What is the posterior layer of rectus sheath above the arcuate line made up of?

Answer 43

aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

Question 44

What happens to aponeurosis of internal oblique above the arcuate line?

Answer 44

splits to enclose the rectus abdominis

Question 45

What is below the arcuate line?

Answer 45

anterior and posterior layer of rectus sheath

Question 46

What is the anterior layer of rectus sheath below the arcuate line made up of?

Answer 46

aponeuroses of the external, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscle

Question 47

What is the posterior layer of rectus sheath below the arcuate line made up of?

Answer 47

transversalis fascia

Question 48

What makes up the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 48

5 folds and 3 paired fossae

Question 49

Where are the five folds located?

Answer 49

posterior surface of anterior abdominal wall, below umbilicus

Question 50

What does the median umbilical fold contain?

Answer 50

urachus

Question 51

What does the medial umbilical fold contain?

Answer 51

obliterated umbilical artery

Question 52

What does the lateral umbilical fold contain?

Answer 52

inferior epigastric vessel

Question 53

What are the three paired fossae that are separated by the folds?

Answer 53

supravesical, medial inguinal, lateral inguinal fossa

Question 54

Where is the supravesical fossa?

Answer 54

between median and medial umbilical folds

Question 55

Where is the medial inguinal fossa?

Answer 55

between median and lateral umbilical folds

Question 56

Where is the lateral inguinal fossa?

Answer 56

lateral to the umbilical fold

Question 57

Where does the ligamentum teres lie? and What does it contain?

Answer 57

above umbilicus and contains obliterated umbilical vein

Question 58

What is the ligamentum teres?

Answer 58

free edge of the falciform ligament and is attached to liver

Question 59

What is the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 59

superior epigastric artery inferior epigastric artery lumbar arteries deep circumflex iliac artery

Question 60

Where does the superior epigastric artery come from?

Answer 60

internal thoracic artery

Question 61

Where does the inferior epigastric artery come from?

Answer 61

external iliac artery

Question 62

Where does the lumbar arteries come from?

Answer 62

abdominal aorta

Question 63

Where does the deep circumflex iliac artery come from?

Answer 63

external iliac artery

Question 64

What is the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 64

lower 6 thoracic nerves

Question 65

Where does the lower 6 thoracic nerve run?

Answer 65

between internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscle