Abdomen Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
what are the borders of the abdomen
A
roof= diaphragm
floor= none- continuous with pelvic cavity
abdominal contents= fixed but considerable vartion
2
Q
what are the subdivision of the abdominal wall
A
- anterior abdominal wall
- right lateral wall
- left lateral wall
- posterior wall
3
Q
what does you call the anterior and lateral walls
A
anterolateral walls
– this is because they do not have specific boundaries
4
Q
what are the boundaries of the anterolateral wall
A
superior= right and left costal margina inferior= inginal ligament
5
Q
what is the inginal ligament
A
a lien connecting each anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle/spine ( close to pubic symphysis )
6
Q
what is the alba
A
divides the anterior abdominal wall into right and left
7
Q
what is the linea semilunaris
A
cured line or groove from the 9th costal cartilage to the pubic tubercle
8
Q
what are the abdominal wall layers
A
skin superficial fascia muscles deep fascia subserous fascia parietal peritoneum
9
Q
what is the superficial fascia
A
this is where you will find the fat and can be very thick in this area of the body. which contains subcutaneous fasica
10
Q
what is subserous fascia
A
also called visceral fascia
-layer of loose connective tissue that hold the peritoneum to the deep fascai of abdominal wall
11
Q
what is parietal peritoneum
A
this is serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
12
Q
what fascia can be found above the umbilicus
A
superficial subcutaneous fascia and it is only a single layer of connective tissue with a variable amount of fat
13
Q
what fascia can be found below the umbilicus
A
the superficial subcutaneous fascia is divided into 2 layers
- a fatty superficial layer
- deep membranous layer
14
Q
what is the fatty superficial subcutaneous layer
A
this is called campers fascia
15
Q
what is the deep membranous layer
A
scarpa’s fascia
16
Q
what is the divers analogiy
A
superficial layer = skin divers suit w/ 1/2 of swim trunks
divers suit=campers fasica
1/2 pair of swim trunks= scarpa fascia
skin= deep fasica
17
Q
what does the deep membranous layer do
A
reinforces the superficial fascia with collagen and elastic fibers
18
Q
what is the deep fascia
A
this is the skin of the diver
** this is continuous as the other deep fascia in other areas
- this fascia covers the abdominal muscles of the anterolaeral wall
- contains endoabdominal fascia (transversalis)
19
Q
what is endoabdominal fascia
A
a thin layer beneath the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and parietal peritoneum ( line the wall)
20
Q
how is the endoabdominla fascia named
A
they are named for according to the muscles or aponeurosis it is lining
21
Q
what does he endoabdominal fascia separate
A
the deep surfaces for transverse and rectus abdominis from the underlying extraperitoneal fat and peritoneum
22
Q
what are the flat muscles of the anterolateral wall
A
external oblique
internla oblique
transverse abdomins
23
Q
what do the flat muscles combine to form
A
a strong sheet of aponuerosis and fuse at the midline the linea alba
24
Q
what is the straplike vertical muscles of the anterolaeral wall
A
rectus abdominis
25
what is the rectus abdominis enclosed in
rectus sheath and anchored transversly by 3 or more tendinous intersections
26
what does the tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis do
they aid in forward flexion
27
what is the pyramindalis
this is in 80% of people
--tense the llinea alba
O: pubic symphysis and pubic crest
I: linea alba
28
what does the inferior margins of the external oblieque m form
they form the inguinal ligaments
29
what happens above the arcuate line
internal oblique splits to surround rectus abdominis
30
what happens below the arcuate line
inferior oblique and transverse abdominis combine and pass superficial to rectus abdominis
*rectus abdominis rest directly on transversalis fascia
31
What is the arcuate line
makes the transition form aponeurotic posterior wall to transversalis fascia
- this is where the inferior epigastric a. pierces rectus abd m.
- an arched line wher a change in the thickness of the sheath occurs
32
what is the rectus sheath
this acts like plywood
| -- the different of the muscles directions give it its toughness
33
what are the nerves of the anterolateral wall formed by
anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of lower 5 intercostal nerves T7-T11
and T12 is formed by subcostal n
and the 1st lumbar n.
34
what are the thoracoabdominal nerves
the continuation of lower intercostal n.
35
what does the thoracoabdominal n. innervate
the abdominal m.
| T7-12
36
what does the T7-T9 n supply
skin superior and lateral to the umbilicus
37
what does the T10 n supply
skin around the umbilicus
38
what does the n T11 and T12 supply
skin inferior lateral to the umbilicus
39
what nerve supplies the inferior part of anterior wall
1st lumbar n
40
what are the branches of the 1st lumbar n
- iliohyposgastric n (L1)
| - ilioinguinal n ( L1)
41
what does the iliohyposgastric n (L1) supply
skin over theupper inguinal region, iliac crest, hypogatric region
42
what does the ilioinguinal n ( L1) supply
skin over the lower inguinal region, genetalia, the medial aspect of the thigh
43
how does the cutaneous veins of the anterolateral wall drain
1 upward to the thoracoepigastric and lateral thoracic vein
| 2 downward to the great saphenous vein
44
what happens with the subcutaneous veins near the umbilics anastomose with
they anastomose with the portal vein
45
wahta re the major arteries of the anterolateral wall
- (2) Internal thoracis a from above
| - (2) external iliac a from below
46
what are the branches of the internal thoracic a
from the subclavian
- superior epigastric a
- musculophrenic a
47
what are the branches of the external iliac a
from the femoral a.
- inferior epigastric a
- deep circumflex iliac a
48
what are the superior feeds ( arteries ) of the anterolateral wall
- superior epigastric a
- musculophrenic a
- 10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteris
- subcostal artery
49
where is the musculophrenic a coming from
internal thoracis artery
50
where is the musculophrenic a going
superficial and deep abdominal wall, hypochondriac region; anterolateral wall, diaphragm
51
where is the superior epigastric a coming from
continuation of internal thoracic artery
52
where is the superior epigastric a going
rectus abdominis and upper umbilical region
53
where is the 10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteris coming from
from aorta
54
where is the 10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteris going
superficial and deep lateral abdominal wall
55
where is the subcostal artery coming from
from aorta
56
where is the subcostal artery going
superficial and deep lateral abdominal wall
57
what are the inferior feeds ( arteries ) of the anterolateral wall
- inferior epigastric artery
- deep circumflex iliac artery
- superficial circumflex iliac artery
- superficial epigastric artery
58
where is the inferior epigastric artery coming from
from external iliac
59
where is the inferior epigastric artery going to
rectus abdominis and medial abdominal wall
60
where is the deep circumflex iliac artery coming from
from external iliac
61
where is the deep circumflex iliac artery going to
iliacus m, inferior anterloateral wall
62
where is the superficial circumflex iliac artery coming from
femoral artery
63
where is the superficial circumflex iliac going to
abdominla wall of inguinal region and adjacent anterior thigh
64
where is the superficial epigastric artery coming from
femoral artery
65
where is the superficial epigastric artery going to
skin lower abdominal wall
66
what is the inguinal ligament
thickening of aponeurosis of exernal oblique
67
where is the inguinal ligament located
from anterior superio iliac spine to pubic tubercle
68
what is the inguinal canal
this is about 4 cm long through the inferiro anterio abdominal wall
69
what are the main sturctures of the inguinal canal
spermatic cord in males
round ligament of uterus in females
ilioinguinal n. in both
70
where is the inguinal canal open
superficial and deep inguinal rings
71
what is the deep ring of the inguinal canal
internal entrance to the inguinal canal
72
where can the deep ring of the inguinal canal be found
slit in the trnsverse fascia
- just lateral to the inferior epigastric a.
- just superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
73
what is superficial ring of the inguinal canal
exit from the canal
74
where can the superficial ring of the inguinal canal be found
trinagular aperture in the aponeurosis of external oblique
75
what is the posterior wall like
this is more dense and more rigid and protective
76
what is the posterior wall composed of
```
centrally= bodies of lumbar v and IV discs
lateral= psoas, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, transverse abdominal, oblique
superior= diaphragm
```
77
what are the nerves of the lumbar plexus
- obturator n
- femoral n
- ilioinguinal
- iliohypogastric
- genital brach
- femoral b.
- lateral cutaneous n of the thigh
- the lumbosacral trunk
78
What is the spinal segment of the obturator n
L2-4
79
What does the obturator n supply
innervates adductor muscles of thigh and skin
80
What is the spinal segment of the femoral n
L2-4
81
What does the femoral n supply
in abdomen; suppies iliacus
| in thigh: nerve of the extensor muscles of knee
82
What is the spinal segment of the iliohypogastric n.
L1
83
What does the iliohypogastric n. supply
skin of gulteal region
84
What is the spinal segment of the ilioinguinal n.
L1
85
What does the ilioinguinal n. supply
skin of groin and scrotum or labium majus
86
What is the spinal segment of the genital branch n.
L1-L2
87
What does the genital branch n. supply
skin of external genitalia in both sexes in males ot cremaster muscle
88
What is the spinal segment of the femoral b. n.
L1-L2
89
What does the femoral b. n. supply
small area of skin belwo the inguinal ligament
90
What is the spinal segment of the lateral cutaneous n of the thigh
L2-3
91
What does the lateral cutaneous n of the thigh supply
suppies skin of the latera surface of thigh passes superficial to sartorius m.
92
What is the spinal segment of the lumbosacral trunk n.
L4-L5
93
What does the lumbosacral trunk n.supply
not a branch of lumbar plexus-- connects lumbar and sacral plexuses
94
what are the subcostal a.
they are the last branches of thoracic aorta
95
what are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta
internal ilia- enters pelvis
| external iliac
96
what are the branches of the external iliac
- inferior epigastric
| - deep circumflex iliac
97
what are some other branches of the abdominal aorta
| unpaired visceral
- celiac trunk
- superior mesentreric artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
98
where does the celiac trunk arise
T12
| bowels
99
where does the superior mesentreric artery arise
L1
| middle of intestine
100
where does the inferior mesenterci artery arise
L3
101
what are some other branches of the abdominal aorta
| paired visceral
- suprarenal arteries
- renal arteries
- gonadal arteries
102
where does the suprarenal arteries arise
L1
103
where does the renal arteries arise
L1
104
where does the gonadal arteries arise
L2
| offspring
105
what are some other branches of the abdominal aorta
| paired parietal
- subcostal arteries
- inferior phrenic arteries
- lumbar arteries
106
where does the subcostal arteries arise
L1
107
where does the inferior phrenic arteries arise
T12
| diaphragm
108
where does the lumbar arteries arise
L1-4
109
what are some other branches of the abdominal aorta
| unpaired parietal
median sacral artery
110
what are the veins of the posterior wall
tributaries of inferior vena cava ( minus hte testicular or ovarian veins which enter renal veins )
111
how is the inferior vena cav formed
junction of the common iliac veins at L5
112
what is the path of the vena cava
ascend the posterior wall immediately to the right of the aorta
113
what are the sympathetic splanchnic nerves of the abdominopelvic
- thoracis
| - lumbar
114
what is the thoracic splanchnic nn.
this is from the abdomiopelvic
- lower thoracic and abdominopelvic sympathetic trunk
* * greater T5-9 or 10
* *lesser T10, 11
* * least T12
115
what are the abdominal aortic autonomic plesuses
- celiac plexus
- intermesenteric plexus
- superior hypogastrci plexus
- perivascular plexuses
- sympathetic trunks
116
where does the greater thoracic splanchnic n go to
the T5-9 nn. go to the celiac gaglion near suprarenal glands
117
where does the lesser thoracic splanchnic n go to
the T10-11 go to the superior mesenteric ganglion - near the origin of superior mesenteric artery
118
where does the least thoracic splanchnic n go to
T12 goes to the aorticorenal ganglion
| -- postganglionic fiver to abdominal viscera
119
where does the lumbar splanchni nn go to
inferior mesenteric ganglion
- provide pre ganglonic fibers to the above ganglia
- post ganglionic fibers to pelvic vescera
120
look at slide
44
121
what surrounds abdominla aorta and major brnahes
the nerve networks with both SNS and PNS which is formed by sumpathetic postganglionic axons and parasymapthetic preganglionic axon and some visceral sensory axons
122
what happens after snapsing in ganglia
postgangliionic sns fiver join preganglionic pns fibers to pari arterial plexuses to the viscera
123
what is the autonomic plexes
- celiac plexus
- intermesenteric plexus
- superior mesenteric plexus
- inferior mesenteric plexus
- superior hypogastric plexus
- inferiro hypogastric plexus
124
what feed the celiac plexus
( greater splanchnic nn. )
125
what feed the intermesenteric plexus
(lumbar spalnchnic nn.)
126
what feed the superior mesenteric plexus
(lesser splanchnic nn)
127
what feed the inferior mesenteric plexus
(lumbar spalnchnic nn.)
128
what feed the superior hypogastric plexus
(lumbar spalnchnic nn.)
129
what feed the inferior hypogastric plexus
(lumbar spalnchnic nn.)
130
what is in the parasympathetic system
- vagus
| - pelvic splanchnic nn.
131
what are the branches of vagus n. of the parasympathetic system
Right=posterior vagal trunk
| Left=anterior vagal trunk
132
where is the pelvic splanchnic nn. from of the parasympathetic system
s2-4 spinal nn.
