Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
where do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers for the viscera of the abdominopelvic cavity go
A
through the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves — which synapse in the pre vertebral ganglion
2
Q
where do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers for the head from cervical ganglia go
A
via the cephalic arterial rami to form a carotid periarterial plexu
3
Q
What is a trochlea
A
spool like articular process or process that acts as a pulley
4
Q
stage two of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)
A
bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within th efibrous membrane
- osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which s mineralized within a few days
- trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
5
Q
what is bursae
A
- fluid filled sac lined with serous membranes
- tine layer of fulid secreted by the membrane
- typically foudn in areas of friction
- *-subcutaneous
- *-subfascial
- *-subrendinous
- *-synoyial tendon sheaths
6
Q
what is neurolemma
A
cell membrane of a schwann cells that surround an axon
- one schwann cell to one axon
- AND THIS IS IN THE PERIPHERAL NS
7
Q
what is the appendicular skeleton
A
this would be your limbs
8
Q
What is a ipsilateral
A
same side
9
Q
what are skin ligaments
A
small fibrous bands, extend throught the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia
- well developed but short in palms and soles
- -watch out for this when dissecting
10
Q
what is pre vertebral ganglia
A
plesuses surround the main branches of the abdominal aorta ( for which they are named)
- nerves that synapse in pre vertebral ganglia typically innervated pelvic viscera ( the abdominopelvic )
11
Q
What is a distal
A
farther from trunk or point of origin
12
Q
What is a line
A
linear elevation
13
Q
What is a head
A
large round articular end
14
Q
What is a posterior ( dorsal )
A
nearer to back
15
Q
what is myelinated
A
neurolemma wrap around
16
Q
stage five of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)
A
ossification of the epiphyses; whencompleted, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
17
Q
What is a median plane
A
goes front to back right down the middle of the body and the hand
18
Q
what are cartilagionous joints
A
- cartilage between bones
Primary ( synchondrosis)= united by hyaline cartilage
Secondary ( symphysis) runited by fibrocartilage intervertebral disc
19
Q
what are periosteum
A
covering of the bone
- outer fibrous
- inner- osteogenic
20
Q
what is the autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic, parasympathetic
21
Q
What is a palmar surface ( hand )
A
the palm of your hand
22
Q
What is a superior
A
nearer to head
23
Q
What is a dorsal surface ( hand )
A
the back side of the hand
24
Q
what is paravertebral ganglia
A
- ganglion impar
- -where both trunks unite at the coccyx
- -only cervical ganglia have specific names
25
What are White rami communicantes
only in T1-T12 ( L3)
| -this is where the presynaptic enters in the sympathic gangalion before it can synap
26
stage one of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)
formation of bone collar aroudn hyaline cartilage model
27
what does the spinal nerve divide into
- posterior primary ramus
| - anterior Primary ramus
28
What is a anterior ( ventral)
nearer to front
29
What is a capitulum
small round articular head
30
What is a intermediate
between a superficial and a deep structure
31
What is a notch
indentation at the edge of a bone
32
What is a proximal
nearer to trunk or point of origin
33
What is a mallelus
round process
34
what nerve is in the ventral (anterior) root
motor
35
what is in Anterior Primary Ramus spinal nerve
- has both motor and sensory
- larger than posterior
- thoracic region- intercostal nn
- cervical, lumbar, sacral regions-plexuses
36
what are visceral fiber
- viscera= internal organs, physiology
- monitor physiology(blood gases), sensory and motor to organs
- viscera sensory (afferent) (transmit pain or visceral reflex sensations )
- visceral motor (efferent)(transmit impulses to smooth muscles and glandular tissue)
37
What is a dorsum
superior aspect of any part that protrudes anterior form the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis or foot
38
What is a crest
ridge of bone
39
What is a fundamental position
this is face up and with the palms facing the thighs ( radioulnar joint in neutral position)
** the feet are together at the heels
40
What is a protuberance
projection of bone
41
What is a fossa
hollow or depressed area
42
what are somatic fibers
- soma= body
- transmit sensory and motor impulses from and toward body
- -general sensory ( afferent ) (from body to CNS)
- -somatic motor (efferent )(output to skeletal muscles)
43
What is a facet
smoth flat area, usually covered with cartialge where a bone articulate with another bone
44
What is a condyle
rounded knuckle like articular ara often coccuring inpairs
45
What is a superficial
nearer to the surface
46
What is a contralateral
opposite side
47
Metaphysial vasculature
these are come neighboing systemic vessels
48
what is the periosteum rich in what nerve
sensory (periosteal nerves)
49
What is a foramen
passage through a bone
50
what does the SNS cover
```
T1-L3 ( but really if anyone asks you shoudl say T1-T12)
-T1-3=head, salivary glands
-T1-2= eyes
-T4-6=heart, lungs, esophagus
-T7-9=stomach, liver, gallbaladder, ancrease
-T8-10=small intestine
-T10-11= appendix, colon
-T11-L1=kidney
T10-L1=suprarenal gland
T12-L2= rectum, bladder, uterus
```
51
how many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- 12 cranial nerves
| - 31 spinal nerves
52
What is a plantar surface (feet)
the bottom of the foot
53
What is a cranial
toward the head or cranium
54
What is a scalpel
used to cut important structures
55
what is unmyelinated
single nerolemma several axon -- looks like a hot dog
56
what are the axon of presynaptic neurons ( Look at and redraw!! slide 39- 43)
- leave the spinal cord through anterior roots
- enter the anterior rami or spinal nerves T1-L3
- almost immediately enter the sympathetic trunks through white rami communicante s
- within the sympathetic trunks, presynaptic fivers follow one of four possible courses
* * postganglionic fibers exit via grey rami communicante s at every spinal cord level
57
What is a groove
elongated depression or furrow
58
Nutrient Vasculature
- found in long bones
- branches of adjacent arteries
- divied into ascending and descending branches
- near the epiphysis they anastamose with the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
59
stage one of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)
an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tisse membran
60
What is a scissors
useful for blunt dissection
61
what is the Nervous System Cell
neuron
- dendrites- impulses to cell body
- axon- sends the impulse away form the body
- myelin shealth- helps carry the impulses
62
what are fibrous joints
united by fibrous conn. tissue
- immovable or little movement
- syndesmosis type: with a band
- - movement depend son the fiber length
ex. sutures and interosseous membranes
63
what are the two paths of the splanchic nerves
abdominopelvis
| cardiopulmonary
64
where do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers for the viscera of the thoracic cavity go
they pass throught he cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
65
what is the cardipulmonary splanchnic nerve
emerge from T1-T5 level
the preganglioni bivers frist travel to one of the cervicl ( s,m,I gangliona) or the thoracic ganglia where they synapse. then the postganglionic fibers travel to eh efrectors
66
what nerve is in the dorsal (posterior) root
sensory
67
what is the abdominopelvis splanchnic nerse
synapse on pre vertebral ganglion
68
what are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical pair
-1st 7 exit superior to the vertebra and the C8 exit inferior to C7
12 thoracic ( starts under the 1st thoracic )
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal pair
69
what happens to the nerves and the CNS with mylination ?
- no neurolemma
- mylinated by oligodendrocytes
- -- can myelinate up to 50 axons
70
what is in Posterior Primary Ramus spinal nerve
- has both motor and sensory
| - innervates narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back about the level of the spinal nerve
71
what are the grey rami communicants
this is where the postganglionic fibers exit
72
stage four of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)
bone collar f compact bone forms and red marrow appears
- trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken , forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with mature lamellar bone
- spongy bone consisting of distinct trabeculae persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow
73
What is a forecps
used to lift and hold structures
74
What is a transverse (axial) plane
this cuts you in half from bottom to top and is rotational movement
75
What is a trochanter
large blunt elevation
76
What is a medial
nearer to median plane
77
What is a deep
farther from surface
78
what does vanae comitans means
accompany ( which means the veins run with the arteries
79
What is a caudal
toward the feet or tail region
80
stage two of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)
cavitation of hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model
81
look at slide 28
draw out and label
82
What is a tubercle
small raised eminence
83
what is diaphysis
this is the long part of the bone
84
what is epephysis
these are the ends of the bone ( there are a distal and prosimal )
85
What is a frontal (coronal) plane
this goes side to side and cuts the body in half form front side to back side
86
What is a inferior ( caudal)
nearer to feet
87
What is a epicondyle
eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
88
What is a tuberosity
large rounded elevation
89
What is a spinous process
projecting spine like part
90
look at slide 70
the arteries and vein make up
91
what is the axial skeleton
head
| spin and ribs
92
What is a lateral
farther from median plane
93
what are synovial
united by articular capsule capsule
- has joint capsule with fibrous capsule and synovial membrane with fluid inside it
ex- hip joint, atlantoaxial joint, elbow acromioclavicular joint, carpometacarpal joint
94
stage four of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)
formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5
95
what is peritoneum
serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity
96
what is endosteum
membrane that lines the inner surfaces of bones such as the medullary cavity and smaller cavities
-single layer of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
97
what are the fascia of the skin
```
subcutaneous tissue ( fat is found here)
--superficial fascia= hypodermis
contains conn. tissue. adiose, sweat glands, superficial blood vessesl, lymphatiches and cutaneous
```
Deep (surrounds all the muscles)
- investing
- intermuscular
98
What are mixed nerves
sensory and motor
99
what is a splanchnic nerves
this is nerves to the viscera
100
draw
slide 20 draw out
101
stage three of bone development ( Endochondral Ossification * long bone)
invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation
102
what are 3 types of joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
103
What is a spine
thorn like process
104
what is metaphysis
wide portion of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
105
What is a rostral
toward the rostrum ( L. beak) nearer the anterior part of the head
106
What is a ventral
belly
107
what is in the lymphatic system
capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks
- this is closed system ( only goes one way)
- there is a right and thoracic duct
108
What is a dorsal surface (feet)
the top of the foot
109
What is a probe
primary dissecting tool
110
What is a sagittal plane
goes front to back between the shoulder and head
111
PNS systme
+ look at notes
cranial nerves
( 3,7,9,10)= vagus they all presynapti to gnglia in the head and neck
pelvic splanchnic nn.
-anterior rami of scaral s2-4 = most of the ganglia are in the wall of the raget orgian
112
what are articular arteries
these are arteries that had come together around a joint ( anastomose) with other vessel to form networks across the joint
113
What is a Hemostat
these can crush delicate structures ( clamper deal)
114
stage three of intamembranous ossification ( flat bones)
woven bone and periosteum form
- accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels, which from a random netwoorkl the results in a network of trabeculae
- vascularized mesenchyme condenses on th eexternal face of the woven bone and becoes the periosteum
115
what is a ganglion
| What is a nucleus
```
Ganglion= collection of cell bodies OUTside the CNS
Nucleus= collection of nerve cell bodies IN cns
```
116
What is a anatomic position
face up with palms facing up (radioulnar joint supinated)
| ** Also the feet are apart
117
what is the somatic nervous system
peripheral nerves: efferent and afferent information
118
where are subserous found
```
they are below serous membrane
- between internal surface of muscle and lining of body cavities
Types of fascia
**endothoracic
**endoabdominal
**endopelvic
```
119
epiphysial vasculature
they come from the prei- articular vascular arcades
120
what is the hilton law
a nerve that innervates a joint also tends to innervate the muscle that move the joint and the skin that covers the distal attachment of those muscles
121
Nervous system division
central and peripheral
- CNS- brain and spinal cord
- PNS ( somatic and autonomic )
122
most nerves in bone are ?
vasomotor and run with vessels
