Abdomen, Thorax, and Spine

Question 1

what do ribs give us though thoracic spine?

Answer 1

rigidity

Question 2

Where are kidneys - why is their location important?

Answer 2

Peaking out from under ribs, mostly outside of thoracic cavity (btw T12 and L3 vertebrae) - their location means they are not always protected and thus are vulnerable to injury

Question 3

what is the TFL (thoracic fascial chain)

Answer 3

myofascial girdle that surrounds the lower portion of torso and plays important role in posture, stabilization, load transfer, and respiration

Question 4

where are facet joints

Answer 4

btw pedicle and lamina of same vertebral - provide stability for the vertebral column as a whole

Question 5

What structures are in the right upper abdominal quadrant?

Answer 5

Liver, gullbladder, duodenum, head of panceas, right kidney and adrenal gland, hepatic flexure of colon, paart of transverse and ascending colon

Question 6

what structures are in the left upper abdominal quadrant

Answer 6

Stomach, spleen. left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and desending colon

Question 7

what structures are in right lower abdominal quadrant

Answer 7

caecum, appendix, right ovary and rube, right ureter

Question 8

what structures are in the left lower abdominal quadrant?

Answer 8

part of descending colon, sigmoid colon. left ovary and tube, left ureter

Question 9

What is a sport hernia?

Answer 9

fascial weakness in the abdominal wall were abdominals and adductors attach into pubic bone

Question 10

What is the MOI for a sports hernia?

Answer 10

repetitive strain to the area

Question 11

What are the signs and symptoms with a sports hernia?

Answer 11

pain with sitting up, quick change in directions, sprinting, and coughing

Question 12

what is the special test for a sports hernia?

Answer 12

resisted sit-up : positive with pain

Question 13

What is the acute management for a sports hernia?

Answer 13

PIER, adductor wrap

Question 14

what is the prolonged treatment for a sports hernia?

Answer 14

conservative treatment to hep manage symptoms (4-6 weeks), sequential return to plauy

Question 15

what is penumothorax?

Answer 15

a collapsed lung - this occurs when air leaks into space btw lung and chest wall and pushed air outside of lung, causing a collapse

Question 16

When is pneumothorax common?

Answer 16

most common with a rib fracture!

Question 17

What is MOI for abdominal injuries

Answer 17

direct blow, fall from height

Question 18

What are SandS for abdominal injuries

Answer 18

pain, rigidity in abdomen, feeling unwell, shock, cullen sign, grey turner sign

Question 19

what is cullen sign?

Answer 19

discoloration around belly button

Question 20

What is grey turner sign?

Answer 20

Discoloration around flank area (side of body from upper abdomen to back)

Question 21

What is MOI for kidney injuries?

Answer 21

blow to the back

Question 22

What are signs and symptoms with kidney injuries?

Answer 22

pain in low back, peeing blod, feeling unwell, shock

Question 23

What do we do post suspected kidney injury for treatment?

Answer 23

Refer!

Question 24

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 24

genetic condition causing thickening of heart muscles that causes an altered rhythm in the heart resulting in rediced/blocked blood flow

Question 25

What are some warning signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 25

fainting/seizure, dizziness/light headedness, chest pain (even at rest), palpitations (quick/fluttering/irregular/pounding heart beats) shortness of breath

Question 26

What are some emerging causes of acquired heart disease in young atheletes?

Answer 26

anabolic steroids, peptide hormones, stimulants

Question 27

What is getting the wind knocked out of you anatomically

Answer 27

when your diaphragm spasms

Question 28

What is MOI to getting wind knocked out of you/blow to solar plexus?

Answer 28

blow to abdomen or chest, fall on buttocks or back

Question 29

what are S and S for getting wind knocked out of you/blow to solar plexus?

Answer 29

pain, difficulty breathing, panicky, hard to catch breath

Question 30

what is the MOI for a facet joint sprain?

Answer 30

forced rotation

Question 31

what are the signs and symptoms of a facet joint sprain?

Answer 31

hear/feel pop, sharp localized pain, pain with motions that open joint (ie twisting or bending)

Question 32

what is the ST for a facet joint sprain?

Answer 32

Quadrant test (+ if pain on op side) Quadrant test: athelete is in standing Athelete extends backwards, side bends, and rotates in same direction Pain on same side = facet joint effusion/irritation Pain on opposite side = facet sprain on opposite side

Question 33

What is faccet joint effusion

Answer 33

irritation of the facet joint

Question 34

What is MOI for facet joint effusion

Answer 34

sudden episode of extreme ROM

Question 35

What are S and S for facet joint effusion

Answer 35

Feel of a click or sharp pain, localized pain, spasm around same inflamed joint, nerve root is irritated, closing joint will be painful

Question 36

What is the ST for facet joint effusion?

Answer 36

Quadrant test (+ if pain on same side as bend) Have athelete standing, get them to extend backwards through the spine, have the athelte side bend to one side and rotate in that same direction

Question 37

What isa cute management for facet joint sprain

Answer 37

Pier and refer for treatment (RFT)

Question 38

What is acute management for facet joint effusion?

Answer 38

PIER (to sooth inflammation and discomfort) and RFT

Question 39

What is MOI for a disc protrusion?

Answer 39

Acute or chronic compression through disc often in flexed position

Question 40

What are S and S for disc protrusion?

Answer 40

Pain with repeat fwd bending (posterior protrusion), relief with extension, pain with coughing and sneezing

Question 41

What is acute management for a disc protrusion

Answer 41

RFT (conservative treatment)

Question 42

What are some goals with treatment when structures are damaged

Answer 42

supporting structures via dynamic contractile stabilizers to increase support

Question 43

Dermatomes

Answer 43

Sensory areas of the skin that are innervated by specific nerve roots (afferent nerve fibers) - sensations can include pain, tingling, numbness, pressure

Question 44

Myotomes

Answer 44

Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root

Question 45

What does myotome testing generally look like

Answer 45

performing resisted test 5 x bilaterally (+ if weakness)

Question 46

What is the motion to test C1

Answer 46

Cervical flexion

Question 47

What is the motion to test C2

Answer 47

Cervical rotation

Question 48

What is the motion to test C3

Answer 48

Cervical side bending

Question 49

What is the motion to test C4

Answer 49

Shoulder elevation (shrug)

Question 50

What is the motion to test C5

Answer 50

Shoulder Abduction

Question 51

What is the motion to test C6

Answer 51

Elbow flexion

Question 52

What is the motion to test C7

Answer 52

elbow extension

Question 53

What is the motion to test C8

Answer 53

Thumb extension

Question 54

What is the motion to test T1

Answer 54

Hand intrinsics - ie spread fingers

Question 55

What is the motion to test L1 and L2

Answer 55

Hip flexion in sitting (raise the quad while sitting)

Question 56

What is the motion to test L3

Answer 56

Knee extension

Question 57

What is the motion to test L4

Answer 57

Foot dorsiflexion and inversion

Question 58

What is the motion to test L5

Answer 58

Hallux extension

Question 59

What is the motion to test S1

Answer 59

Knee flexion and toe raises

Question 60

What is the motion to test S2

Answer 60

Big toe flexion and toe raises

Question 61

Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes biceps

Answer 61

C5

Question 62

Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes brachioradialis

Answer 62

C6

Question 63

Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes - triceps

Answer 63

C7

Question 64

Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes - patellar tendon

Answer 64

L3 and L4

Question 65

Pressure on which nerve root dampens reflexes - achiles tendon

Answer 65

S1

Question 66

What is MOI for strains of the Neck and Back

Answer 66

overstretching or eccentric load (loading the muscle while fwd bending), rotation at high velocity, external force to area

Question 67

What are S and S for muscle strains of neck and back

Answer 67

Abrupt pull, pain, protective spasm, divot (large strain)

Question 68

What is acute management for muscle strain of neck and back

Answer 68

PEIR (but never to anterior neck or major vessels) and altered activity

Question 69

What is MOI for rib and scapula fractures?

Answer 69

Direct blow or compression to the ribs or a fall onto scapula

Question 70

What is S and S for rib fracture?

Answer 70

pain with deep breath (shallow breathing), pain with compression, TOP area of fracture

Question 71

What is S and S for scapula fracture?

Answer 71

TOP, pain with movement of shoulders

Question 72

What is the acute management for a rib or scapula fracture?

Answer 72

stabilize segments with padding and tensor (if tolerated), tube sling for scap fracture, send for imahing

Question 73

What is spondylosis of the spine?

Answer 73

stress fracture to pars interarticularis