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Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions > Abdominal > Flashcards

Abdominal Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Who does GERD Affect?

A

60% of people, Women, >40

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2
Q

What are the Risk Factors for GERD?

A

Obesity, Hiatal Hernia, Diabetes, Pregnancy

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3
Q

GERD Presentation

A

Heartburn, Chest Pain, Dysphagia, Sour Taste, Inflammation of gums

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4
Q

GERD Investigations

A

PPI trial, OGD, Ambulatory acid probe

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5
Q

GERD Treatment

A

Stop Smoking/NSAIDs/Alcohol, Antacids, PPIs, H2 Antagonists, Prostaglandin analogue

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6
Q

Where are Peptic Ulcers most commonly found?

A

Duodenum

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7
Q

Risk Factors for Peptic Ulcer

A

H.Pylori (main), NSAIDs, Smoking, Crohn’s, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

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8
Q

Peptic Ulcer Presentation

A

Upper Abdo Pain, Belching, Vomiting (haematemesis), Anaemia, Maelaena Cachexia, Poor appetite

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9
Q

Peptic Ulcer Investigations

A

H.Pylori (Urease test, Stool, Serology), Endoscopy

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10
Q

Peptic Ulcer Treatment

A

Antacids, H2 antagonists, Prostaglandin analogue, PPIs (Stop NSAIDs)

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11
Q

Where is a GI Bleed most common?

A

Upper GI

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12
Q

Causes of Upper GI Bleed?

A

Peptic ulcer, Cirrhosis, Cancer

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13
Q

Causes of Lower GI Bleed?

A

Haemorrhoids, Cancer, IBD

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14
Q

Presentation of GI Bleed

A

Haematemesis, Maelaena (upper), Fatigue, Chest pain, SOB, Anaemia

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15
Q

GI Bleed Investigations

A

Bloods (FBC, LFT, Clotting), Endoscopy

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16
Q

GI Bleed Treatment

A

Transfusion, Endoscopy, PPI

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17
Q

Who does Inflammatory Bowel Disease Effect?

A

Under 30yrs, White Jewish, Industrialised country

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18
Q

Which IBD is smoking protective for?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

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19
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presentation

A

Abdominal Pain, Diarrhoea, Maelaena, Anorexia, Fatigue

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20
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Investigations

A

Bloods, Stool test, Endoscopy, Imaging

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21
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment

A

Aminosalicylates (UC), Steroids, Immunosuppressive’s

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22
Q

Who commonly gets IBS?

A

20-30yrs, Women

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23
Q

IBS Risk Factors

A

Foods (dairy, beans), Stress, Family Hx, Mental Health Issues

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24
Q

IBS Presentation

A

Abdo Pain, Bloating, Flatus, Change in Bowel Habits, Anorexia, Rectal Bleeding

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25
IBS Investigations
Bloods, Sedimentation rate, Coeliac test, Stool analysis
26
What virus commonly causes Gastroenteritis in children?
Rotavirus
27
What virus commonly causes Gastroenteritis in adults?
Norovirus
28
Infective Gastroenteritis Presentation
Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Dehydration, Cramps
29
Infective Gastroenteritis Investigations
Bloods, Culture, ELISA, Electron microscopy
30
Infective Gastroenteritis Treatment
Rehydrate, Antiemetic’s (Antibiotics if systemic)
31
Who is most likely to get Pancreatitis?
30-40yrs, Men, 70% due to Alcohol Abuse
32
Pancreatitis Risk Factors
Alcohol, Smoking, Family Hx, Gallstones, Surgery, CF, Infection, Cancer
33
Pancreatitis Presentation
Abdo pain worse after eating, Vomting, Steatorrhea, Anorexia, Fever
34
Pancreatitis Investigations
Serum amylase/lipase, Faecal Elastase, USS, Imaging
35
Pancreatitis Treatment
Fluids, Anti-Inflamms, Analgesia, Surgery
36
Who is most likely to get Gallstones?
Female (had children), Combined Pill/Oestrogen therapy, Overweight, >40yrs
37
Why do Gallstones form?
Too much bilirubin, Too much cholesterol, Not enough bile salts (+ incomplete/infrequent emptying of GB)
38
Gallstones Risk Factors
Low nutrient intake, Constipation, Rapid weight loss, Coeliac, Cirrhosis
39
Gallstone Presentation
Biliary Colic pain in RUQ, Vomiting, Itching, Confusion, Fever, Jaundice
40
Gallstones give what Sign on Physical Examination?
Murphy's sign
41
Gallstone Investigations
USS, Bloods (FBC, LFT, Amylase/Lipase)
42
Gallstone Treatment
Ursodeoxycholic acid (oral), Cholecystectomy
43
Which Viral Hepatitis is there a Vaccine for but no Treatment?
Hepatitis A
44
Which Viral Hepatitis is there no Vaccine but Treatment?
Hepatitis C
45
Which Viral Hepatitis can you only get together with Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis D
46
Which Viral Hepatitis has a Vaccine and Treatment available?
Hepatitis B
47
What are the Blood-Borne Viral Hepatitis's?
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
48
Who is Hepatitis E bad in?
Pregnant Women
49
What are the Causes of Hepatitis?
Infectious (virus and parasites), Metabolic (alcohol and drugs), Ischemic (heart failure), Autoimmune (hemochromatosis, Wilsons disease)
50
Hepatitis Presentation
Flu-like, Joint pain, Pruritis, Jaundice, Fever
51
Hepatitis Investigations
Blood tests (liver enzymes, serology (nucleic acid, FBC), Imaging, Liver biopsy
52
Hepatitis Treatment
Supportive, Antivirals (tenofovir) Treat alcoholism)
53
Appendicitis Presentation
RLQ Pain, Vomiting, Fever, Rebound Tenderness
54
What sign do you get with Appendicitis?
Dunphy Sign (pain on coughing)
55
Appendicitis Treatment
Appendectomy, Antibiotics
56
What is the most common cause of Small Bowel Obstruction?
Adhesions | also: hernia, crohn's, neoplasms, foregin bodies
57
What is the most common cause of Large Bowel Obstruction?
Neoplasm | also: diverticulitis, IBD, volvulus, adhesions, constipation
58
Risk Factors for Bowel Obstruction
Previous Surgery, Cancer Treatment, IBD
59
Bowel Obstruction Presentation
Abdo pain, Vomiting (faecal), Constipation, Dehydration, Absent Bowel Sounds, Distension
60
Bowel Obstruction Investigations
Bloods, Imaging, Contrast Enema, Endoscopy
61
Who gets Hernias?
Males, Smokers, >50
62
Hernia Risk Factors
Smoking, COPD, Obesity, Pregnancy, Peritoneal Dialysis
63
Hernia Presentation
Pain at Site, Vomiting, Tender, Fever
64
Hernia Treatment
Leave it, Mesh Repair, Surgery
65
Oesophageal Carcinoma Presentation
Dyphagia, Odynophagia, Weight loss, Hoarse Voice, Large Nodes, Dry cough, Haemoptysis/Haemetemesis
66
Risk Factors of SCC Oesophageal Carcinoma
Male, Developing World, Smoking, Alcohol, Hot Drinks, Betel Nut
67
Risk Factors of Adeno Oesophageal Carcinoma
Male, Developed world, Smoking, Obesity, Acid Reflux
68
Oesophageal Carcinoma Investigations
Biopsy done by Endoscopy
69
Gastric Carcinoma Main Risk Factor?
H.Pylori (60% of cases) Also: Male, Smoking, Diet (pickled veg), Obesity Genetics
70
Gastric Carcinoma Presentation
Heartburn, Upper Abdo Pain, Nausea, Weight loss, Jaundice, Dysphagia, Blood in stool
71
How is Gastric Carcinoma Diagnosed?
Biopsy done during Endoscopy
72
Gastric Carcinoma Treatment
H.pylori, Stop smoking, Mediterranean Diet, Surgery, Chemo/Radio
73
What is the most common Pancreatic Carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma (85%)
74
Pancreatic Carcinoma Presentation
Jaundice, Abdo/Back Pain, Weight Loss, Steatthorea, Dark urine
75
Pancreatic Carcinoma Risk Factors
Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes, Genetic Conditions
76
Colorectal Carcinoma Presentation
Blood in stool, Change in Bowel Habits, Weight loss, Fatigue
77
Colorectal Carcinoma Causes
Old age, Red Meat, Alcohol, Smoking, FAP, HNPCC, IBD
78
At what age is Colorectal Carcinoma Screened for?
50 - 75 years old
79
Who gets Colorectal Cancer?
Developed World, Men | 3rd most common cancer
80
Chronic Liver Disease Presentation
Anaemia, Ascites, SOB, Fatigue, Hands (clubbing, erythema, flap), Chest (spider naevi, gyneacomastia)
81
Chronic Liver Disease Causes
Viral (Hep B/C, CMV, EBV), Toxic (Alcohol, Methotrexate, Nitrofurantoin, Paracetamol), Metabolic (Fatty liver disease, Wilson’s, Autoimmune), Cholangitis, Obesity
82
Which LFT result is most sensitive for Chronic Liver Disease?
ALT
83
What is the Supportive Therapy for Chronic Liver Disease?
Diuretics, Albumin, Vitamin K, Antibiotics, Nutrition
84
How much fluid in the peritoneal cavity constitutes ascites?
>25ml
85
Causes of Ascites
Liver Cirrhosis (most common), Cancer, Heart Failure, TB, Pancreatitis, Blockage of Hepatic Vein
86
Ascites Treatment
Low salt diet, Diuretics, Drainage, Liver Transplant
87
Causes of Malnutrition
Poverty, Infectious Diseases (gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria), Anorexia nervosa, Bariatric surgery
88
GI Perforation Presentation
Sever abdo Pain, Sepsis, Tachycardia, SOB, Confusion
89
Where in the GI Tract does a Perforation present more acutely?
Stomach / Small Intestine / Upper
90
Causes of GI Perforation
Trauma, Colonoscopy, Obstruction, Ulcer, Ischaemia, Infection (c.diff)
91
What Drug Combo's are used to treat GI Perforation?
'Piperacillin and Tazobactam' or 'Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole'
92
Coeliac Presentation
Diarrhoea, Distension, Loss of Appetite, Failure to grow | non-specific = hard to diagnose
93
Why does Coeliac lead to Anaemia?
Autoimmune inflammatory reaction to gluten proteins = Villous Atrophy
94
Where does Coeliac Affect?
Small Bowel
95
Coeliac Investigations
Blood antibody tests, Intestinal biopsies, Genetic testing
96
Who is Coeliac commonly found in?
Children, Women

Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions (12 decks)

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