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Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions > Renal Tract > Flashcards

Renal Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is most likely to get a UTI?

A

Women, 16-35yrs

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2
Q

What is an upper UTI called?

A

Pyelonephritis

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3
Q

Most common cause of UTI Infection

A

Escherichia Coli (80%)

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4
Q

UTI Risk Factors

A

Female Anatomy, Sex, Diabetes, Obesity, Family Hx, Catheters

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5
Q

UTI Male Risk Factors

A

Large Prostate, Uncircumcised

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6
Q

UTI Presentation

A

Dysuria, Frequency, Incomplete emptying, Pain in lower back, Haematuria

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7
Q

UTI Presentation in Children

A

Fever, Incontinence, Vomit, Jaundice

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8
Q

UTI Presentation in Elderly

A

Incontinence, Confusion, Fatigue

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9
Q

What shows up on Urinalysis if a UTI is present?

A

Nitrites, Leukocyte esterase, Bacteria

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10
Q

Uncomplicated UTI Treatment

A

Short course (3-7 days)

Trimethoprim/Nirofurantoin

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11
Q

Most common cause of Pyelonephritis?

A

Escherichia Coli

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12
Q

Pyelonephritis Risk Factors

A

Sex, Prior UTI, Diabetes, Structural problems of tract, Spermicides, Kidney stones

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13
Q

Pyelonephritis Presentation

A

Fever, Flank tenderness, Nausea, Dysuria, Haematuria, Frequency, Vomiting

Rapid onset

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14
Q

Pyelonephritis Investigations

A

Urinalysis, FBC, Urine + Blood culture, Antibiotic sensitivity tests

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15
Q

Pyelonephritis Treatment

A

Ciprofloxacin or Ceftriaxone

Complicated = IV Fluids and IV Antibiotics

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16
Q

What makes a Pyelonephritis complicated?

A

Fever, Leucocytosis

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17
Q

Who is Hydronephrosis more common in?

A

Men and Children

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18
Q

What is Hydronephrosis?

A

Build up of urine/water in the kidneys as a result of obstruction

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19
Q

Causes of Hydronephrosis?

A

Anything that can cause obstruction

Stones, Clots, Fibrosis, Dysfunction, Tumours, UTI

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20
Q

Hydronephrosis Presentation

A

Intense pain in flank, Nausea/Vomiting

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21
Q

Hydronephrosis Signs

A

Elevated Urea and Creatinine, Elevated pH, Palpable mass

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22
Q

Hydronephrosis Investigations

A

Urinalysis, IV Urogram, USS, CT/MRI

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23
Q

Acute Hydronephrosis Treatment

A

Insert Nephrostomy Tube

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24
Q

Chronic Hydronephrosis Treatment

A

Insert Ureteric Stent / Pyeloplasty

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25
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease?
Diabetes, High BP, Glomerulonephritis, Obstruction, Stenosis
26
Chronic Kidney Disease Presentation
Leg swelling, Fatigue, Vomiting, Loss of Appetite, Confusion, High Potassium Symptoms, Trouble with Sex
27
What must the GFR be to diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease?
GFR = <60 for 3 months
28
Chronic Kidney Disease Investigations
GFR, Albumin (low), Creatinine, USS, Biopsy
29
Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment
Manage BP/Cholesterol/Sugar, Avoid Toxins (NSAIDs) Severe = Dialysis, Transplant
30
Definition of Acute Kidney Injury
Urine output = <0.5ml/kg/hour for 6 hours Rise of Creatinine of 26umol/L in 48 hours/>50% in last 7 days
31
Most common cause of Acute Kidney Injury?
Pre-renal = 90% (Low BP, Fluid depletion)
32
Acute Kidney Injury Risk Factors
Dehydration, Sever infection, Diabetes, Old age, CKD
33
Acute Kidney Injury Symptoms
Fatigue, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Pain in flanks, Thirst
34
Acute Kidney Injury Signs
Low urine output, High BP, Large bladder, Uraemia, Metabolic acidosis
35
What type of Kidney disease do you get a rash with?
Interstitial Nephritis
36
Acute Kidney Injury Investigations
Urinalysis, USS Bloods, Catheter, Biopsy, CT/MRI
37
The 3 causes of Acute Kidney Injury
Pre-Renal (low BP) Intrinsic (glomerular, nephritis, toxins) Post-renal (obstruction)
38
Acute Kidney Injury Treatment
STOP + Remove blockage, Diuretics, Steroids, Dialysis, Catheter (depending)
39
Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Factors
Old age, Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, CVD
40
What type of cancer is Prostate Carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma (glandular)
41
Where in the prostate is Prostate Carcinoma most common?
Peripheral zone
42
Where does Prostate Carcinoma most commonly invade?
Rectum, Bladder, Ureters
43
Prostate Carcinoma Risk Factors
>50, Family Hx, African-American, Red meat, Milk, BRCA, Obesity
44
Prostate Carcinoma Presentation
Dysuria, Haematuria, Nocturia, Poor stream Pain in pelvis, Fatigue, Sexual dysfunction (Bone pain)
45
What Scoring System is used for Prostate Carcinoma?
Gleason Score (2-10)
46
Prostate Carcinoma Investigations
PR, Imaging, Biopsy, Tumour markers (PSA)
47
Prostate Carcinoma Treatment
Surveillance, Surgery, Radiation/Hormone/Chemo
48
How many males over 80 are affected by Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy?
90%
49
What enzymes increase in activity as men age to cause Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy?
Aromatase, 5-Alpha Reductase | = more oestrogen and DHT
50
Where is Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy most common in the prostate?
Transition Zone | Median and Lateral lobes
51
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Risk Factors
Family Hx, Obesity, Diabetes, Erectile dysfunction
52
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Presentation
Frequency, Hesitancy, Nocturia, Weak stream, Anuria, Loss of bladder control, Urgency, Incomplete emptying, Dysuria
53
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Investigations
PR, Urinalysis, Bloods
54
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Treatment
Lifestyle, Alpha blockers, 5a-reductase inhibitors, Self-catheterization, Surgery
55
Most common type of Bladder Carcinoma?
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (90%)
56
Bladder Carcinoma Presentation
Haematuria, Frequency, Dysuria, Lower back pain, Mass, Peripheral Oedema
57
Bladder Carcinoma Risk Factors
Smoking, Family Hx, Radiation treatment, Frequent Cystitis
58
Bladder Carcinoma Investigations
Cystoscopy with Biopsy, CT, Bone scan
59
What percentage of Kidney Cancer is Renal Cell Carcinoma?
95%
60
Where does Renal Cell Carcinoma Originate?
Lining of the proximal convoluted tubule
61
Renal Cell Carcinoma Presentation
(hidden at first), Haematuria, Flank pain, Mass, Weight loss, Fever, Night sweats
62
What are the Paraneoplastic syndromes that are associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma?
High blood calcium, High RBCs, High Platelets, Secondary amyloidosis
63
Renal Cell Carcinoma Investigations
BLoods, USS, CT/MRI, Renal angiography, IV Pyelogram
64
What Treatment is not good for Renal Cell Carcinoma?
Chemo/Radiotherapy
65
What is the most common type of Urinary Tract Stone?
Calcium (85%) Also: Uric acid, Cystine, Struvite
66
Urinary Tract Stone Causes
Hyperparathyroidism, Dehydration, Diet, Family Hx, Medication (indinavir)
67
Urinary Tract Stone Presentation
Colic Pain, Nausea, Sweating, Haematuria, Frequency, Fever, Dysuria, Cloudy urine
68
Urinary Tract Stone Investigations
CT, USS (misses small stone), X-Ray (for calcium stones), Urinalysis
69
Urinary Tract Stone Treatment
Fluid, Analgesia, Alpha blockers, Stent, Lithotripsy/Endoscopy

Medicine Year 3 - Core Conditions (12 decks)

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