Respiratory

Question 1

Who is Asthma more common in?

Answer 1

Males, African/Hispanic

Question 2

What causes Asthma?

Answer 2

Allergen exposure = cross-bridging of IgE molecules and activation of mast cells / mediators

= Bronchicial constriction

Question 3

Acute Asthma Presentation

Answer 3

Cyanosis, Strider, Exhuastion, RR >25, Tachycardia, Reduced Sats, Wheeze

Question 4

What is the PEFR in Acute Asthma?

Answer 4

Less than 50% of normal

Question 5

Acute Asthma Investigations

Answer 5

Peak flow, Sats, ABG, Chest X-Ray

Question 6

Acute Asthma Treatment

Answer 6

Salbutamol, Ipratropium bromide, IV Corticosteroids, Magnesium Sulphate, Sedation

Question 7

What 2 things make up COPD?

Answer 7

Emphysema and Bronchitits

Question 8

COPD Presentation

Answer 8

SOB, Cough with sputum, Wheeze, Leg swelling, Cyanosis

Question 9

COPD Investigations

Answer 9

Spirometry, Chest X-ray, FBC, CT, ABG

Question 10

What is the FEV1/FVC Ratio in COPD?

Answer 10

Below 70%

Question 11

COPD Stages

Answer 11

Stage 1 = Mild / FEV1 >80
Stage 2 = Moderate / FEV1 50-80
Stage 3 = Severe / FEV1 30-50
Stage 4 = Very Severe / FEV1 Below 30

Question 12

COPD Treatment

Answer 12

SABA + LABA

SAMA, LAMA, ICS, Oxygen Therapy, Lung transplant

Question 13

Two types of Pneumothorax

Answer 13

Primary = absence of known lung disease

Secondary = Underlying lung disease

Question 14

Pneumothorax Risk Factors

Answer 14

COPD, TB, Smoking, Male, Family Hx

Question 15

Pneumothorax Presentation

Answer 15

Chest pain, SOB, Fatigue, Cyanosis, Tachycardia, Hyper-resonant (rapid onset)

Question 16

Pneumothorax Investigations

Answer 16

Chest X-ray, USS, CT

Question 17

Pneumothorax Treatment

Answer 17

Conservative (oxygen), Needle aspiration, Chest tube

Question 18

Causes of Pleural Effusion

Answer 18

Congestive heart failure, Malignancy, Pneumonia, PE

Question 19

Two types of Pleural Effusion

Answer 19

Exudative = Damaged Pluera

Transudative = Excess production or Less Resoprtion

Question 20

Pleural Effusion Risk Factors

Answer 20

Lung damage, Smoking, Cancer, Alcohol, Immunsuppressive’s

Question 21

Pleural Effusion Presentation

Answer 21

Chest pain, Dry cough, Dyspnoea, Orthopnoea, Dullness, Bronchial Breathing

Question 22

Most common cause of Pneumonia in the Community

Answer 22

Step.Pneumoniae

Question 23

Most common cause of Pneumonia in Hospital

Answer 23

Staph.aureus

Question 24

Pneumonia Risk Factors

Answer 24

Smoking, Immunodeficiency, Alcohol, COPD/Asthma, CKD, PPI/H2 blockers

Question 25

Pneumonia Presentation

Answer 25

Productive cough, SOB, Fever, Pleuritic chest pain, Cyanosis, Low Sats, Tachycardia

Question 26

Atypical Pneumonia Presentation

Answer 26

(symptoms aren't that bad) Headache, Low-grade fever, Cough, Malaise

Question 27

Pneumonia Investigations

Answer 27

X-Ray, Sats, Bloods, CT, USS

Question 28

What is the CURB-65 Score?

Answer 28

``` Confusion: Below 9/10 on AMTS Urea: Over 7 RR: Over 30 BP: 90/60 or less Age: 65 or over ``` 3 or more = serious

Question 29

What Treatment usually suffices for Pneumonia?

Answer 29

Oral Antibiotics, Rest, Analgesics, Fluids

Question 30

What is the first line treatment for CAP?

Answer 30

Amoxicillin, Doxycyline or Clarithromycin or alternatives

Question 31

How do you treat HAP?

Answer 31

Cephalosporin's, Carbapenems, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin IV and in Combination

Question 32

How common is Bronchial Carcinoma?

Answer 32

Most common in men in both incidence and mortality 3rd in incidence in women, 2nd in mortality (after breast cancer)

Question 33

How many cases of Bronchial Carcinoma are caused by smoking?

Answer 33

85%

Question 34

What is the most common type of Bronchial Carcinoma?

Answer 34

Adenocarcinoma

Question 35

What cancers make up Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma?

Answer 35

Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma (85% of lung cancers = Non-small Cell)

Question 36

Bronchial Carcinoma Risk Factors

Answer 36

Smoking, Genetics, Radon, Asbestos, Air pollution

Question 37

Bronchial Carcinoma Presentation

Answer 37

Haemoptysis, Wheeze, SOB, Weight loss, Fever, Clubbing

Question 38

Bronchial Carcinoma Investigations

Answer 38

X-Ray, CT, Biopsy

Question 39

Pulmonary Embolism Risk Factors

Answer 39

Cancer, Bed rest, Smoking, Stoke, Oestrogen Meds, Pregnancy, Obesity, Surgery, DVT

Question 40

Pulmonary Embolism Presentation

Answer 40

SOB, Pleuritic chest pain, Haemoptysis, Cyanosis, Collapse, Low sats (Acute onset)

Question 41

Pulmonary Embolism Investigations

Answer 41

D-dimer, CT Angiography, ECG, X-ray, USS, Bloods

Question 42

Pulmonary Embolism Treatment

Answer 42

Heparin/Warfarin, Thrombolysis (tPA), Surgery/Vena Cava filter

Question 43

What type of Respiratory Disease is Pulmonary Fibrosis?

Answer 43

Restrictive | FEV1/FVC unchanged

Question 44

What is the pathology of Pulmonary Fibrosis?

Answer 44

Scar formation and accumulation of fibrous connective tissue = thickening of walls and reduced oxygen supply in blood

Question 45

Pulmonary Fibrosis Presentation?

Answer 45

SOB, Chronic dry cough, Fatgiue, Weakness, Weight loss

Question 46

Pulmonary Fibrosis Signs

Answer 46

Fine Inspiratory crackles, Honeycomb on X-ray

Question 47

Most common cause of Pulmonary Fibrosis?

Answer 47

Idiopathic

Question 48

Pulmonary Fibrosis Investigations

Answer 48

Spirometry, CT, Biopsy