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Anatomy Unit Two > Abdominal Mesentaries and Vasculatures > Flashcards

Abdominal Mesentaries and Vasculatures Flashcards

1
Q

What structures do the foregut include?

A

the stomach, the first half of the duodenum, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

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2
Q

what structures do the midgut include?

A

the second half of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and transverse colon

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3
Q

the hindgut which includes which three structures?

A

the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum

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4
Q

what supplies the foregut?

A

the celiac trunk

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5
Q

what supplies the midgut?

A

the superior mesenteric artery

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6
Q

what supplies the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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7
Q

what is it called when there are two layers of serous membrane which enclose blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves traveling beteween the gut tube and body walls?

A

mesentary

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8
Q

the ventral mesentary of the foregut is called?

A

the ventral mesogastrium

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9
Q

what connects the stomach/duodenum to the liver

A

lesser omentum

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10
Q

what connects the liver to the ventral body wall

A

falciform ligament

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11
Q

what attaches, anchors and supports the gut tube to the posterior wall?

A

dorsal mesentery

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12
Q

what attaches the liver and gut tubes to the anterior wall

A

ventral mesentery

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13
Q

What are the two ventral mesentery derivatives?

A

the lesser omentum

falciform ligament

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14
Q

the lesser omentum has. two ligements, what are they? what do they connect?

A

hepatogastric ligament
- connects the liver to the superior (lesser) curvature of the stomach
hepatoduodenal ligament
-connects the liver to the duodenum
-contains vessels and structures associated with the liver

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15
Q

the falciform ligament does what? what does it contain?

A

anchors liver to the anterior abdominal wall
the falciform ligament

contains the obliterated umbilical vein- the round ligament of the liver

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16
Q

What are the four dorsal mesentery derivatives?

A

greater omentum
mesentery proper
transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon

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17
Q

the greater omentum connects what? how many layers does it have?

A

the greater omentum connects the inferior (greater) curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
-it has 4 layers of visceral peritoneum because it folds back on its self.

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18
Q

the mesentery proper is associated with what? what does it enclose? how many layers does it have?

A

associated with the small intestine.
it encloses fat, vessels, lymphatics and nerves to the small intestine
2 layers

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19
Q

what mesentery is associated with the transverse and sigmoid parts of the colon

A

transverse and sigmoid mesocolon

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20
Q

why don’t the ascending and descending colon not have a mesentery

A

they became secondarily retroperitoneal as their dorsal mesenteries fused with the parietal peritoneum

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21
Q

The spleen develops within and subdivides?

A

the dorsal mesentery

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22
Q

what structures are in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

gallbladder, liver, duodenum

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23
Q

what structures are in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen

A

stomach and spleen

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24
Q

what structure is in the right lower lower quadrant

A

appendix

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25
Q

what structures are in the left lower quadrant?

A

sigmoid colon

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26
Q

the stomach to the 1st half of the duodenum is the

A

foregut

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27
Q

the 2nd half of the duodenum to the transverse colon is the

A

midgut

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28
Q

descending colon to the anus is the

A

hindgut

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29
Q

what are the three large unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the gut tube?

A

The celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

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30
Q

what are the three branches from the celiac trunk?

A

the common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic arteries

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31
Q

The common hepatic branches to what side? what does it branch into? what does it supply?

A

the common hepatic artery branches to the right and bifurcates in to the proper hepatic artery and duodenal

the proper hepatic goes to the liver
gastroduodenal goes to the stomach and duodenum

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32
Q

the proper hepatic artery branches into? what does it supply?

A

the left and right hepatic arteries that supply the left and right lobes of the liver

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33
Q

what is a variable branch of the common hepatic artery? why is it variable

A

right gastric artery

variable because it can branch off the common hepatic or the proper hepatic artery

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34
Q

what is a branch of the right hepatic artery before it enters the hilum of the liver?

A

cystic artery

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35
Q

where does the right gastric artery travel along therefore supplying this area?

A

it travels along the lesser (superior) curvature of the stomach

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36
Q

The gastroduodenal artery bifurcates into? what do they supply

A

the right gastroepiploic artery which supplies the right side inferior (greater) curvature of the stomach
and the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery that supply the pancreas and duodenum

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37
Q

the left gastric artery will travel along what? therefore supplying?
what is it a branch of?

A

travels along the left side of the superior (lesser) curvature of the stomach
this is a branch of the left celiac trunk

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38
Q

the left and right gastric artery will anastomose along?

A

the lesser curvature of the stomach

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39
Q

the right gastoepiploic artery is a branch of? what does it supply

A

the gastroduodenal artery

the right side of the greater curvature of the stomach

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40
Q

the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of? what does it supply?

A

branch of the gastroduodenal artery and it supplies the pancreas and the duodenum

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41
Q

the splenic artery travels? what does it look like?

A

posterior to the stomach along the superior surface of the pancreas to reach the spleen
looks like a pigs tail

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42
Q

What branches of the splenic artery

A
  • branches to the fundus of the stomach
  • branches to the pancreas
  • left gastroepiploic artery to the greater (inferior) curvature of the stomach
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43
Q

the greater (inferior) curvature of the stomach is supplied by?

A

the right and left gastroepiploic arteries

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44
Q

esophageal branches of the left gastric artery supply?

A

the abdominal portion of the esophagus

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45
Q

the left gastroepiploic artery travels along? what does it supply

A

greater (inferior) curvature of the stomach

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46
Q

what is the second of the three unpaired vessels to the gut from the aorta

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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47
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply when it branches to the left?

A

the small intestine

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48
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply when it branches to the right

A

the colon

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49
Q

the first branch of the SMA on the right is? what does it immediately branch into? what does it supply?

A

inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery immediately branches into the anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
-these ascend and supply the pancreas and duodenum

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50
Q

what is the second branch of the SMA? What does it supply

A

middle colic artery

supplies the transverse colon

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51
Q

what is the third branch of the SMA? what does it supply?

A

right colic artery

supplies the ascending colon

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52
Q

what it the fourth branch of the SMA? where does it go and what does it supply?

A

the ileocolic artery
travels to the ileocecal junction
supplies the last porstion of the ileum, the cecum and the initial portion of the ascending colon and the appendix

53
Q

the marginal artery is?

A

the route of anastomosis between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

54
Q

Coming off of the SMA on the left is? what do they supply?

A

intestinal arteries

travel through the mesentery proper to supply small intestine

55
Q

intestinal arteries from? what is the purpose

A

they form multiple interconnections called arcades and allow for multiple routes of blood to get to the small intestine

56
Q

branches to the intestine from the arcades are called?

A

vasa recta (straight arteries)

57
Q

occlusion of a straight artery will often result in?

A

necrosis of the portion of the intestine that it supplies

58
Q

structures supplied entirely or in part by the celiac trunk and its branches

A

esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas,

spleen

59
Q

structures supplied entirely or in party by the superior mesenteric artery and its branches

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, pancreas

60
Q

The third unpaired artery from the abdominal aorta to the intestine

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

61
Q

what is the 1st branch of the inferior mesenteric artery? what does it supply?

A

left colic artery

this supplies the descending colon

62
Q

what is the 2nd branch of the inferior mesenteric artery? what does it supply?

A

sigmoid branches

this supply to the sigmoid colon

63
Q

what is the 3rd and last branch of the the inferior mesenteric artery? what does it supply

A

the superior rectal artery
it is the major blood supply to the rectum
supplies the superior aspect of the rectum

64
Q

the rectum receives blood supply from three arteries. What are they?

A

Superior, middle and inferior rectal.

65
Q

structures supply entirely or in part by the inferior mesenteric arteries and its branches

A

descending colon, sigmoid colon, superior rectum

66
Q

the middle rectal artery and the inferior rectal artery are branches of? what does that supply?

A

the internal iliac artery

supplies organs in the pelvis

67
Q

what supplies the head of the pancreas?

A

the pancreaticoduodenal branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries supply the head of the pancreas

68
Q

what supplies the neck, body and tail of the pancreas

A

branches that arise from the splenic as it runs along the superior surface of the gland during its course to the hilum of the spleen

69
Q

branches involved int eh anastomosis between the celiac trunk and the SMA?

A

the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal

and the anterior posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal

70
Q

branches involved in the anastomosis between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries? what does this result in?

A

middle, right and left colic arteries

the result is a continuous loop along the entire inner margin of the colon called the marginal artery

71
Q

the attachment of this ligament marks the boundary between the right and left lobe

A

falciform ligament

72
Q

the quadrate and caudate lobes are bounded by

A

the gallbladder and the right ligament of the liver

the caudate lobe is adjacent to the inferior vena cava

73
Q

What forms the portal triad

A

common bile duct, hepatic portal vein and proper hepatic artery

74
Q

the triad enters the liver at the?

A

porta hepatis (hilum of the liver)

75
Q

the round ligament is located where? what is it a remnant of?

A

located at the free edge of the falciform ligament

-remnant of the umbilical vein and fetal circulation

76
Q

pathway of fetal circulatoin

A

umbilical vein- IVC- right atrium- foramen ovale- left atrium - left ventricl- aorta

77
Q

the right and left hepatic ducts fuse at the porta hepatis to form?

A

the common hepatic duct

78
Q

the common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct to form?

A

the common bile duct

79
Q

where does the common bile duct empty? what does it empty with?

A

into the duodenum

with the main pancreatic duct

80
Q

muscular valve controlling bile and pancreatic fluid into 2nd part of duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of oddi)

81
Q

what is the purpose of the gall bladder?

A

concentrate and stores up to 50ml of bile

82
Q

what causes the the sphincter of oddi to relax

A

when fatty foods enter the duodenum

83
Q

what happens to bile when the sphincter of oddi is closed?

A

bile produced by the liver fills the biliary ducts and then backfills into the gall blader

84
Q

what is the triangle of Calot formed by?

A

the cystic artery, the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct

85
Q

why is the the triangle of calot clinically important?

A

it is important to find this region to dissect and find the cystic artery during a cholecystectomy because the cystic duct and cystic artery must both be ligated and removed along with the gall bladder

86
Q

a gallstone which blocks the common bile duct will block?

A

will block bile from the liver and gall bladder

87
Q

the portal triad is located within and protected by

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum

88
Q

the common bile duct is always positioned

A

on the right in the triad

89
Q

the proper hepatic artery is always positioned?

A

to the left in the triad

90
Q

the hepatic portal vein is always positioned?

A

posteriorly to the two other structures in the triad

91
Q

two major veins drain blood from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

the inferior vena cava and hepatic portal vein

92
Q

structures that drain into the portal system?

A 
gut tube (through the superior rectum) 
accessory digestive organs ( pancreas, gallbladder, liver) spleen
93
Q

the portal system first drains into the (blank) and then drains into the (blank)

A

liver

inferior vena cava

94
Q

organs that are peritoneal or secondarily retroperitoneal drain through the?

A

portal system

95
Q

organs that are primarily retroperitoneal (kidneys, gonads, inferior rectum) drain into the?

A

inferior vena cava

96
Q

what three veins come together and the hepatic portal vein

A

splenic, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

97
Q

vein carrying partially de-oxygenated nutrient rich blood to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

98
Q

the hepatic portal vein drains all portions of the digestive tract that

A

are responsible for absorption of nutrients

99
Q

nutrient rich oxygen poor veins flows into?

A

the liver sinusoidal (capillary bed)

100
Q

what happens at the liver sinusoidal capillary bed?

A

oxygen poor blood in the hepatic portal vein mixes with oxygen rich blood from the hepatic artery

101
Q

where does the mixed blood of the liver go?

A

through the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava

102
Q

which veins normally feed into the hepatic portal system?

A 
left gastric vein
splenic vein
superior rectal vein
inferior mesenteric vein
superior mesenteric vein
103
Q

What is it called when the liver is unable to process the amount of blood coming to it, causing a back up of blood?

A

portal hypertension

104
Q

due to increased portal system pressure, blood will follow?

A

the path of least resistance and flow into the caval system via portosystemic anastomoses

105
Q

what are the three portosystemic anastomeses

A

anorectal, esophageal, paraumbilical

106
Q

blood redirected from superior rectal vein to inferior and middle rectal veins causes?

A

anorectal varicies by overwhelming venous capillary beds and the middle and inferior rectal veins

107
Q

anorectal varices cause

A

hemorrhoids

108
Q

if there is a back up of blood in the portal system (distal esophagus) it will overwhelm the the proximal esophagus (azygos system/cava) causing?

A

esophageal varices

109
Q

ruptured esophageal varices are what? why?

A

emergent because blood is swallowed and goes undetected

110
Q

first sign of massive acute hemorrhage of esophageal varices?

A

black, tarry stool

111
Q

back up of blood within the portal system is going to back up into the paraumbilical vein and travel more subQ to skin

A

caput medusae

112
Q

procedure that reduces the amount amount of pressure in portal system

A

TIPS

transjusgular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

113
Q

How does TIPS work

A

put a shunt down between the hepatic portal vein and the inferior vena cava so that the liver doesn’t have to process all the blood coming in from the portal system

114
Q

what are the two types of fat in the human body?

A

brown fat and white fat

115
Q

What distinguishes brown fat from white fat histologically?

A

brown fat has more mitochondria in it which makes it darker in color while white fat is primarily filled with large vacuole of lipid

116
Q

what is the majority of the fat we see in the body?

A

white fat

117
Q

brown fat is higher in what population? What location in health adults? what fibers does it contain?

A

brown fat is higher in the infant population

in health adults it is in the neck, shoulders, mediastinal and paraspinal regions

it is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers

118
Q

White fat can be divided into which two categories

A

subQ fat and visceral fat

119
Q

viseral fat functions as?

A

an endocrine organ and releases hormones that have been linked to the development of insulin resistance

120
Q

The peritoneal cavity is divided into what two regions?

A

the greater and lesser sacs

121
Q

if a gastric ulcer perforates the posterior aspect of the stomach?

A

the infection will spread into the lesser sac

122
Q

what could allow an infection to spread from the greater sac to the lesser sac?

A

epiploic foramen

123
Q

the transverse colon subdivides the greater sac into?

A

a supracolic compartment and infracolic compartment

124
Q

what does the supracolic compartment contain?

A

stomach, liver, and spleen

125
Q

what does the infracolic compartment contain?

A

small intestine and ascending and descending colon

126
Q

what are paracolic gutters?

A

depressions located along the lateral borders of the ascending and descending colons

127
Q

infections in the pelvis tend to occur on the right side because?

A

of appendicitis and duodenal ulcers

128
Q

in the erect position subphrenic spaces?

A

spread easily into the pelvis

Anatomy Unit Two (5 decks)

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