Inguinal Region

Question 1

With the exception of this abdominal wall, the abdominal wall layers are involved during the descent of the gonads? Which layer is not?

Answer 1

transversus abdominis

Question 2

Under the arcuate line, there is not posterior rectus sheath but rather, what lines the posterior aspect of the recuts abdominis muscle?

Answer 2

the transversalis fascia and parietal peritoneum are posterior to the muscle

Question 3

the lack of the posterior recutus sheath inferior to the arcuate line is anatomically important because?

Answer 3

it allows for the inferior epigastric vessels to access/supply the rectus abdominis muscle and provide collateral circulation to the trunk muscle

Question 4

testes originally develop where?

Answer 4

along the posterior abdominal wall

Question 5

Why do testes leave the pelvis and travel through the abdominal wall into the scrotum?

Answer 5

the temperature is lower and compatible with spermatogenesis

Question 6

what ligamentous structure attaches to both the superior and inferior poles of the developing testes?

Answer 6

gubernaculum

Question 7

which part of the gubernaculum dengerates?

Answer 7

The superior part of the gubernaculum

Question 8

which part of the gubernaculum will guide the testis along its descent through the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 8

inferior part of the gubernaculum

Question 9

what is the testis supplied by as it is developing along the posterior abdominal wall? what is that artery a branch of?

Answer 9

the testicular artery

this is a branch of the abdominal aorta

Question 10

transversalis fascia is a layer of? what is its function?

Answer 10

connective tissue

it binds the parietal peritoneum and is subserous fascia to the transverses abdomens muscle

Question 11

the processus vaginalis is formed by

Answer 11

the evagination of the parietal peritoneum from the lower abdominal wall toward the skin of the scrotum

Question 12

what does the processus do as it grows inferiorly?

Answer 12

push the abdominal wall layers ahead of itself

Question 13

due to the processus pushing layers of the abdominal walls ahead of itself, what layers are also evaginated?

Answer 13

parietal peritoneum
transversalis fascia
internal oblique
external oblique

Question 14

why does the transversus abdominis not partake in the descent of the testis?

Answer 14

because the inferior edge of the transversus abdominis muscle is slightly above the level where the processus vaginalis and testis descend

Question 15

Where are the testis originally located in the posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 15

between the parietal peritoneum and the transversalis fascia

Question 16

the process of descent creates a canal through the abdominal wall called?

Answer 16

the inguinal canal

Question 17

where does the inguinal canal begin internally?

Answer 17

at the deep inguinal ring

Question 18

At the deep inguinal ring the transversalis fascia evaginates what?

Answer 18

around the processus vaginalis and testis

Question 19

the inguinal canal ends externally at? where what evaginates?

Answer 19

the superficial inguinal ring, where the external oblique evaginates

Question 20

the inguinal canal contains?

Answer 20

bundled vessels, nerves and ducts of the testis- the spermatic cord

Question 21

After the descent, the processus vaginalis degenerates proximally, but persists in the scrotum as?

Answer 21

the tunica vaginalis

Question 22

what is a celomic (serous) sac that covers the anterior and lateral aspects of the testis and head of the epididymis

Answer 22

tunica vaginalis

Question 23

the tunica vaginalis has what two layers? where do they come from?

Answer 23

a visceral and parietal layer.

both layers come from the parietal peritoneum of the processus vaginalis

Question 24

what happens once the processus vaginalis degenerates proximally?

Answer 24

there is no longer a pathway/connection between the parietal peritoneum of the abdomen and the tunica vaginalis in the scrotum

Question 25

what can occur if the processus vaginalis only partially degenerates or doesn't degenerate at all?

Answer 25

an indirect inguinal hernia can occur

Question 26

in the descent of the ovary. the gubernaculum extends?

Answer 26

from the ovary to the skin of the labium majus

Question 27

the labium majus is equivalent to?

Answer 27

the scrotum

Question 28

what supplies the ovary when it is attached to the posterior abdominal wall? What is it a branch of?

Answer 28

the ovarian artery | a branch of the abdominal aorta

Question 29

the evagination of the abdominal layers in the descent of the ovaries is toward?

Answer 29

the labium majus

Question 30

there is no tunica vaginalis in women after the descent is complete and the processus vaginalis collapses and degenerates. True or false?

Answer 30

true

Question 31

During the descent of the ovary, why is the process arrested within the pelvis?

Answer 31

the gubernaculum gets trapped within the lateral wall of the expanding uterus

Question 32

as the gubernaculum becomes tethered to the uterus, what happens to the ovary

Answer 32

it reaches its final destination in the pelvis

Question 33

the ovary does not travel through the inguinal canal, true or false?

Answer 33

true

Question 34

What does the gubernaculum remain as in people with testes? what is the function?

Answer 34

scrotal/testicular ligament | the function is to tether the testis to the scrotal skin

Question 35

what does the gubernaculum persists as in people with ovaries?

Answer 35

the round ligament of the ovary/ ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus

Question 36

what was the first layer encountered by the processus vaginalis?

Answer 36

transversalis fascia

Question 37

evagination of the transversalis fascia

Answer 37

internal spermatic fascia

Question 38

the sight where the transversalis fasia evaginated is called? where does it lie in relation to the epigastric vessels?

Answer 38

the deep inguinal ring | lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Question 39

what enters the inguinal ring?

Answer 39

vas deferens and testicular vessels or the round ligament of the uterus

Question 40

as the processus vaginalis descends further, it encounters the internal abdominal oblique. This evagination becomes?

Answer 40

the cremaster muscle

Question 41

what is the function of the cremaster?

Answer 41

it helps to regulate the temperature of the testis by contracting to pull the testis up

Question 42

due to the the external oblique ending more laterally, the descent only effects what?

Answer 42

the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

Question 43

fibers of the aponeurosis of the external oblique form lateral and medial crura that flank the?

Answer 43

superficial inguinal ring

Question 44

the external oblique evaginates to form?

Answer 44

the external spermatic fascia

Question 45

when descent is complete, in men what cord exits the superficial inguinal ring

Answer 45

spermatic cord

Question 46

in people with ovaries, what travels through the inguinal canal

Answer 46

round ligament of the uterus

Question 47

Because an ovary does not pass through the inguinal canal, what is not as evident?

Answer 47

the evagination of the abdominal wall at the superficial inguinal ring

Question 48

name the inferior margin of the external oblique aponeurosis

Answer 48

inguinal ligament

Question 49

name the evagination of the peritoneum that grows into the labium majus/scrotum

Answer 49

processus vaginalis

Question 50

where is the primitive gonad located relative to the peritoneum?

Answer 50

primarily retroperitoneal

Question 51

a general term used to describe a situation when an organ or part of an organ introduces through an opening where it doesn't belong?

Answer 51

Hernia

Question 52

occurs because of a weakening of the abdominal wall?

Answer 52

direct inguinal hernia

Question 53

the inguinal triangle is bounded by

Answer 53

the inferior epigastric vessels laterally, the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis medially, and the inguinal ligament inferiorly

Question 54

aponeuroses of the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique makes the

Answer 54

conjoint tendon

Question 55

weak spot within the inguinal triangle, where is it and why is it weak?

Answer 55

region lateral to the conjoint tendon and medial to the inferior epigastric artery. weak because it consists only of parietal peritoneum, transversalis fascia and external oblique aponeurosis

Question 56

if the conjoint tendon is quite narrow?

Answer 56

there will be a large weak spot

Question 57

if the conjoint tendon is wide

Answer 57

the weak spot will be smaller

Question 58

when the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis muscles contract

Answer 58

the weak spot is reduced

Question 59

a direct inguinal hernia will usually involve the protrusion of

Answer 59

peritoneal fat or the small intestine

Question 60

as a direct hernia enlarges, it protrudes through?

Answer 60

the superficial inguinal ring because that is the only weak spot in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique

Question 61

if the herniated bowel emerges through the superficial ring it will be covered by what layers?

Answer 61

layers of the peritoneum, transversalis fascia and external spermatic fascia

Question 62

hernia that is a result of a congenital defect

Answer 62

indirect inguinal hernia

Question 63

because the deep inguinal ring lies just lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels and lateral to the inguinal triangle it is called an indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 63

because it traverses the body wall in an indirect or oblique fashion

Question 64

both types of inguinal hernias would protrude though the superficial inguinal ring if the hernia became large enough, true or false

Answer 64

true

Question 65

the inguinal ligament spans

Answer 65

from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubis

Question 66

As the inguinal ligament approaches the pubic tubercle, some is fibers curve, what is this called?

Answer 66

lacunar ligament

Question 67

along the superior ramus of the pubis the inguinal ligament continue to become

Answer 67

the pectineal ligament

Question 68

the femoral artery, vein and lymphatics pass through this region, they are invested by an extension of transversals fascia that forms

Answer 68

the femoral sheath

Question 69

the femoral sheath has what three compartments, where are thy located and what is their function?

Answer 69

femoral canal- most medial and contains lymphatic vessels which drains the inguinal nodes femoral vein- intermediate drains the lower limb femoral artery- most lateral functions to supply the lower body with blood

Question 70

because lymphatic vessels in the femoral canal are so small and delicate, they do not fill their allotted space thus

Answer 70

the femoral canal is a weak spot

Question 71

all hernias in the groin involve a bulge in the?

Answer 71

parietal peritoneum

Question 72

an indirect hernia could extend?

Answer 72

all the way to the scrotum and would be within the tunica vaginalis and surrounded by fascial layers of the sprmatic cord