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Pediatric and Superficial Structures > Abdominal Wall and Chest Pathology > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall and Chest Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do superficial hematomas usually occur?

A

Rectus sheath

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2
Q

Patient symptoms of a rectus sheath hematoma?

A
  1. Ecchymosis (discolouration) of abdominal wall
  2. Decreased hematocrit
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3
Q

Where is there a lack of posterior rectus sheath?

A

Below arcuate line

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4
Q

What are abscesses in the abdominal wall usually caused by?

A

Trauma or post-surgical infections

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5
Q

How are abscesses typically treated?

A

Antibiotics

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6
Q

What are desmoid tumour also known as?

A

Aggressive Fibromatosis

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7
Q

What are desmoid tumours often related to?

A

Pregnancy

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8
Q

What are desmoid tumours made of? Where are they typically located?

A

Fibrous tissue. Anterior abdominal wall in the muscle, fascia, and aponeuroses

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9
Q

What tumour may have a high recurrence rate after surgery?

A

Desmoid tumour

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10
Q

SF of desmoid tumour?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Homogenous
  3. Some vascularity
  4. Through transmission
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11
Q

What are endometriomas of the abdominal wall also called?

A

Chocolate cysts

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12
Q

What pathology can transform into a sarcoma?

A

Endometriomas

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13
Q

What are the usual causes of endometriomas?

A

C-section, from the scar

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14
Q

With what pathology will a patient feel pain associated with the menstrual cycle?

A

Endometrioma

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15
Q

SF of endometriomas of abdominal wall?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Spiculated
  3. Solid or cystic
  4. Vascular
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16
Q

What are the three types of sarcomas?

A
  1. Liposarcoma
  2. Rhabdomyosarcoma
  3. Fibrosarcoma
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17
Q

High incidence of recurrence and post excision requiring radiation therapy to lower chances of recurrence in what pathology?

A

Sarcomas

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18
Q

What is known as cancer of the soft tissues?

A

Sarcoma

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19
Q

What pathology is known as a defect in the abdominal wall where abdominal contents protrude outwards?

A

Hernia

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20
Q

What is the main component of a hernia?

A

Fat

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21
Q

What are the most common ventral hernias in children and adults?

A

Children: Umbilical
Adults: Para-umbilical

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22
Q

What are the most common type of hernia in general?

A

Groin

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23
Q

What 3 factors contribute to a weakened abdominal wall?

A
  1. abnormal collagen metabolism
  2. pressure overload (obesity, heavy lifting, coughing, smoking, familial tendency or straining)
  3. Insufficient protein intake
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24
Q

What type of hernias are not considered to be ventral? (2)

Study These Flashcards
A

Inguinal and diaphragmatic

25
What is diastasis recti?
Stretching of the linea alba
26
What is the most common ventral hernia?
Umbilical
27
Where do epigastric hernias occur?
The widest part of linea alba
28
Where do spigelian hernias occur?
Along spigelian fascia between rectus muscle and semilunar line - BELOW arcuate line
29
Do spigelian hernias usually occur above or below arcuate line?
BELOW
30
Are groin hernias more common in men or women?
Men
31
Where specifically do groin hernias usually occur?
Ilioinguinal crease
32
Unilateral hernias are more common on what side of the body?
Right
33
What 3 categories do groin hernias include?
1. Direct 2. Indirect 3. Femoral
34
What is the most common groin hernia?
Indirect
35
What do indirect inguinal hernias protrude through?
A defect in the deep inguinal ring and extending into canal
36
Where are indirect inguinal hernias located in relation to epigastric vessels?
Laterally
37
Where are direct inguinal hernias located in relation to epigastric vessels?
Medially
38
Are femoral hernias more common in men or women?
Women
39
Where are femoral hernias located?
Medial to the femoral vein and inferior to the inguinal ligament and usually on the right side
40
How do you tell if a hernia is reducable on ultrasound?
Use pressure with the probe to see if it gets sucked back into where it came from
41
How do we measure hernias on ultrasound?
3 planes and the neck (measurement of the break in the abdominal wall)
42
What are 3 hernia complications?
1. Incarceration 2. Obstruction 3. Strangulation
43
SF of a strangulated hernia?
1. Echogenic 2. Loss of peristalsis from bowel 3. No vascularity 4. Thick walls 5. Fluid in herniated sac
44
What is diaphragmatic paralysis caused by?
Damage to phrenic nerve
45
Patient symptoms in unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis vs bilateral
Unilateral - difficulty breathing, headaches, fatigue, dyspnea Bilateral - Severe dyspnea - MEDICAL EMERGENCY
46
With diaphragmatic paralysis, you may see thickening of the diaphragm during inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
47
What is diaphragm eventration?
Lack of muscle in the dome of diaphragm
48
What may you suspect in the diaphragm when abdominal contents rise up to it?
Eventration
49
What fetal abnormalities are associated with diaphragm eventration?
Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18 BWS
50
What abnormality of the diaphragm is a result of increased pressure in the pleural cavity?
Inversion - loss of dome shape and impaired motion
51
What is the most common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
Bochdalek hernia - defects in the POSTERIOR attachment in the diaphragm
52
What is pleural effusion also known as?
Hydrothorax - fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
53
What are the most common causes of pleural effusion? (4)
1. Cancer 2. Heart failure 3. Pneumonia 4. PE
54
What is hemothorax?
Collection of blood in pleural cavity
55
What is pneumothorax?
Gas or air in the pleural cavity - medical emergency
56
Why is pneumothorax a medical emergency?
Can cause collapsed lung
57
What is the normal M-mode "sign" seen on ultrasound for lungs?
Sea shore sign
58
What is the abnormal M-mode "sign" seen on ultrasound for lungs?
Barcode sign - NO BEACH

Pediatric and Superficial Structures (23 decks)

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