Abnormal Leukon: Neutropenia (Balasz) Flashcards
(35 cards)
How are leukocytes measured using machines?
> impedence/optical
- RBC lysed
- nucleated cells streamed through channel where electrical impedence or optical deflection noted (NB. if RBC nucleated this will mess up value)
- most accurate for total numbers
quantitative buff ycoat (QBC)
- problems with abnormal cells/platelt enumeration
- ddx provided poor
How are leucocytes measured manually?
- chamber couunt/unopette system for birds/exotics
- blood smear estimate (count in a 100x field, divide by 4 ~= WBCx10e9: average at least 10 fields
What does the total white blood cell conc comprise?
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils (most difficult to count)
T1/2 of a neutrophils?
6 hours
What factos affect total leucocyte numbers?
- position of the leukocyte within the vessel (marginated v circulating) and availability for sampling
- balance between supply and demand
What are lecuocyte differentials? ECHO
- count 100 consequtive cells?
Percentage v absolute concentration neutrophils? ECHO
-
Outline stages of neutrophil poduction and kinetics
- proliferating
- maturating
- circulating
- tissue
What is the neutrophils stem cell?
- CFU-G (colony forming unit-granulocyte)
What stages exist within the proliferation pool? What is the proliferative pool and how long does it take for a neutrophil to pass thorugh this stage?
- Mb (myeloblast)
- Pg (progranulocyte)
- Me (Myelocyte)
> mitotic pool, stimulated by IL-1, 3, 6, GM-CSF, G-CSF
> apoptosis at myelocyte stage to limit production in health - 3d
What stages exist within the maturation pool? What is this pool and what measurements of it can be made?
- Mmc (metamyelocyte)
- B (Band neutrophil)
- S (segmeneted neutrophil)
> post mitotic pool - 2-3d in this pool
- MatNP:ProNP ratio should be 4-6
What is SNP/
- storage neutrophil pool
- subpool of matNP
- ready to be released to marrow sinusoids
What may be seen in bone marrow around developing neutrophils?
nRBC
Which pool is sampled during blood collection?
CNP (circulating neutrophil pool)
What is the MNP?
- marginated neutrophil pool
- ready to exit circulation and migrate to TNP
Wha is the CNP:MNP ratio? What should it be?
- CNP:TNP ~1
- cats ~3!
How long is the lag between ^ demand for neutrophils and hem entering the circulating pool?
~3d prolfierative, ~3d maturation (~6d)
How do toxic changes manifest in neutrophils?
- cytoplasmic foaminess and basophilia
- DOhle bodies (blue bits in cytoplasm)
- Giant neutrophils
- Vacuolatoon
- TOxic granules
Are “toxic changes” related to toxicity?
NO!!!
- can be with anything eg. IMHA etc. with rapid turnover
How do band neutrophils appear? Do they continue developing in the circulation?
- banded, not segmented (thinnest point not less than 2/3 thickest part)
WWhat is the difference between toxic and degenerate/lytic neutrophils?
> toxic - in peripheral blood - indicates accelerated production - no need for toxins > degenerate/lytic - in tissues (fluids) - fighting with bacteria - bacterial toxins
How can left shift be classified?
> regenerative - neutrophilia - segmented > bands > degenerative - neutropenia - bands > segmented
Which species have the greatest storage pool of neutrophils?
- cats and dogs
How does left shift classification differ between large and small animals?
> large animals no storage pool - numbers will drop rapidly - will recover when BM kicks in > smallies large storage pool - if you see a degenerative left shift this is BAAAD!! stores used up
