Abnormal psychology/ disorders

Question 1

DSM-5

Answer 1

Based on atheoretical descriptions of symptoms of various disorders; organized into 18 classifications of disorders

Question 2

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 2

those linked to the development of the nervous system (e.g. AD/HD, Autism spectrum, Tourette’s)

Question 3

ADHD

Answer 3

inattentive, easily distracted, can’t maintain focus on task, daydreams, difficulty following instructions. hyperactive, fidgets, squirms, dashes around, always in motion, talks nonstop;

characterized by developmentally atypical inattention and/or impulsivity and hyperactivity. Short attention span, difficulty staying on task or organizing tasks, unable to follow instructions or requests.. hyperactivity in running, fidgeting, and restlessness. Impulsivity in inability to delay gratification, impatience, and frequently interrupting others.

Question 4

Autism Spectrum

Answer 4

a range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment of social skill and communication skills as well as repetitive behaviors. includes autism, Asperger’s syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS); children with autism may not cuddle, make eye contact, and may display little or no facial expressions, impairment in language skills, both receptive and expressive, also tend to be oversensitive to sensory stimuli.

Question 5

Tourette’s disorder

Answer 5

characterized by multiple motor tics (e.g. eye-blinking, skipping, deep knee bends) or one or more vocal tics (e.g. grunts, barks, sniffs, snorts, coughs, utterance of obscenities). Tics are sudden, recurrent, and stereotyped. Duration of disorder is life long, but periods of remission may occur.

Question 6

Schizophrenia

Answer 6

relatively recent term (1911 by Bleuler). characterized by gross distortions of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought, perception, and affect. Could have delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, inappropriate affect, and catatonic behavior

Question 7

Symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 7

divided into positive and negative types. Positive: behaviors, thoughts, or affects added to normal behavior (e.g. delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior). These are either on the psychotic dimension or the disorganized dimension. Negative symptoms are those that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior (e.e.g flat affect, blunted emotional expression)

Question 8

delusions (and types)

Answer 8

false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary , e.g. delusions of reference, persecution, or grandeur. Delusions of reference may involve an individuals belief that others are talking about them, that common elements in the environment are direction at them.Delusions of persecution involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened. Delusions of grandeur involve the believe that they are a remarkable person, like an inventor, historical figure, etc. Or involve thought broadcasting, which is belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world, and thought insertion, that thoughts are inserted into one’s head

Question 9

Hallucinations

Answer 9

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality.

Question 10

disorganized thought

Answer 10

characterized by the loosening of associations (e.g. speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another unrelated subject in a way that a listener wouldn’t be able to follow the train of thought, or word salad).

Question 11

catatonic motor behavior

Answer 11

various extreme behaviors characterized by reduced movement/activity or maintaining a rigid posture, refusing to be moved. Sometimes, catatonic behavior may include useless and bizarre movements not caused by any external stimuli

Question 12

Epidemiology

Answer 12

study of the distribution of disorders in a population; prevalence (proportion of active cases of a disorder), incidence (occurrence of new cases of a disorder).

Question 13

Norepinephrine

Answer 13

anxiety disorders

Question 14

Serotonin and dopamine

Answer 14

Depression and schizophrenia

Question 15

GABA

Answer 15

anxiety

Question 16

Anxiety

Answer 16

Apprehension about a future threat, involves physiological arousal (fight or flight) and increases preparedness.

Question 17

Anxiety disorders in DSM-5

Answer 17

Most common psychiatric disorders: specific phobias, social phobias, panic disorder (with and without agoraphobia), generalized anxiety disorder

Question 18

Anxiety risk factors

Answer 18

Genetic (twin studies suggest heritability for phobias, GAD, PTSD and panic disorder); Neurobiological (overactive fear circuit, neurotransmitters serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine); Personality (behavioral inhibition, temperament, neuroticism); Cognitive (perceived control, attention to threat); Social (negative life events that often precede disorder onset)

Question 19

Anxiety common treatment

Answer 19

Emphasize exposure- face the situation or object that triggers anxiety; medications (anxiolytics, benzodiazepenes (e.g. valium, xanax), antidepressants (e.g. SSRIs))

Question 20

Phobic disorders

Answer 20

phobia- persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger; Marked by anxiety, avoidance, persistence (6 mo. or more), distress/ impairment. 16% of women and 7% of men; Causal factors: traumatic conditioning of fear, cognitive biases, evolutionary origins, genetic and temperamental factors.

Question 21

Panic Disorder + agoraphobia

Answer 21

characterized by the occurrence of unexpected panic attacks, marked by brevity and intensity, worry and avoidance of situations in which a panic attack may occur; Marked by presence of recurrent PAs followed by at least one month of persistent worry of having further attacks or significant behavioral change related to the attacks; with agoraphobia- avoidance of situations in which escape would be difficult or embarrassing (e.g. being outside the home alone, in a plane, etc.)

Question 22

Social Anxiety Disorders

Answer 22

Disabling fears of one or more discrete social situations in which a person fears that they may be exposed to the scrutiny or potential negative evaluation of others

Question 23

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 23

involves chronic, excessive worrying (other symptoms: restlessness, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, easily fatigued); possible biological factors (neuroticism-common genetic predisposition for GAD and MDD), neurotransmitters GABA, serotonin and norephinephrine, HPA axis.

Question 24

OCD and Related Disorders

Answer 24

OCD, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania, Excoriation (Skin-Picking)

Question 25

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Answer 25

Traditionally conceptualized as an anxiety disorder, characterized by anxiety/fear and attempts at controlling and escaping from anxiety/fear. Recurrent obsession and compulsions: obsessions are unwanted and intrusive thoughts or images that are irrational or uncontrollable and compulsions are repetitive behavior or mental actions designed to neutralized obsessions, provide relief and prevent feared event. Obsessions tend to be ego-dystonic, themes are cross-culturally consistent. Effects both genders equally. Serotonin strongly implicated, maybe brain abnormalities in caudate nucleus and orbitofrontal-subcortical hyperactivity.

Question 26

Hoarding Disorder

Answer 26

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, fear of losing something important or need to keep all items; unlike OCD, thought is not intrusive.

Question 27

Trichotillomania

Answer 27

Recurrent pulling out hair, efforts to stop/control fail, theoretically an anxiety disorder (controls, abates feelings of anxiety; but motivations appear to vary)

Question 28

Excoriation (skin picking)

Answer 28

Recurrent picking or scratching at skin or scabs, behavior is quite routine and perhaps without intrusive thought.

Question 29

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Answer 29

Preoccupation with and extreme distress over imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance. Constant examination of self in mirror (or avoids mirror entirely), some people become housebound or have plastic surgery.

Question 30

Trauma and stress-related disorders

Answer 30

New category in DSM-5: Reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, PTSD, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders

Question 31

PTSD

Answer 31

Repeated reexperiencing/ intrusions, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood (e.g. inability to remember important aspects of trauma, persistent negative beliefs about ones self or others or the world, distorted cognitions about cause or consequence of trauma that lead to blame, negative emotional state, etc.), arousal and reactivity (hypervigilence, startled response, problems with concentration, etc.)

Question 32

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

Answer 32

Similar symptoms to PTSD, have more emphasis on dissociation. Duration varies (short term reactions, symptoms can occur between 3 days and 1 month after trauma). Often a precursor to PTSD (66%).

Question 33

Etiology of PTSD

Answer 33

Nature of trauma, neurobiological (smaller hippocampal volume, increased receptor sensitivity to cortisol), behavioral, psychological (perception of control, avoidance coping, dissociation, memory suppression), nature of and proximity to stressor, psychosocial factors (appraisal of stressor, personality, cognitive ability), sociocultural factors (social support, stigma, readjustment), biological (HPA axis, locus coeruleus, norepinephrine-sympathetic-system)

Question 34

Depressive Disorders + Bipolar and Related Disorders

Answer 34

Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) + Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia

Question 35

MDE

Answer 35

Dysphoria, sadness, anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure), other symptoms.

Question 36

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Answer 36

Depressed mood for most of the day , for more days than not, for at least two years; similar symptoms to depression

Question 37

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Answer 37

very severe form of PMS, about 3-5% of women would meet criteria for this,

Question 38

Beck's Negative Triad (Depression)

Answer 38

Negative view of world, negative view of self, negative view of future leads to: Depressed mood, paralysis of will, avoidance, suicidal wishes, increased dependency

Question 39

Risks for MDE onset/ relapse

Answer 39

Multiple prior MDEs, double depression (MDD and dysthymia), long duration of individual MDEs, family history of affective disorder, residual symptoms, comorbid anxiety or substance abuse, female, never married or divorced, unemployment or disability, poverty

Question 40

Bipolar related disorders

Answer 40

three building blocks: Major depressive episode, manic episode, hypomanic episode

Question 41

Manic episode

Answer 41

elevated or irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative, racing thoughts, distractibility, excessive involvement in activities with high risk for consequences + impairment or hospitalization

Question 42

Hypomanic episode

Answer 42

same symptoms as mania, change in functioning, shorter duration, no clinically-significant impairment or hospitalization of psychotic features

Question 43

Bipolar I

Answer 43

has manic episode

Question 44

Bipolar II

Answer 44

Hypomanic episode, MDE, no history of full mania

Question 45

Cyclothymia

Answer 45

symptoms of hypomania and depressive symptoms, no history of depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode, distress or impairment is present

Question 46

Neurotransmitters in BP

Answer 46

dopamine enhanced during mania (dopamine agonists and precursors trigger manic symptoms e.g. amphetamines/ L-dopa); serotonin/ glutamate

Question 47

Suicide and Psychopathology

Answer 47

90% of suicides related to mental illness; depression most strongly linked to ideation; anxiety impulse-control and substance disorders linked to plans and attempts

Question 48

Suicide risk factors

Answer 48

previous suicidal behavior, precipitant stressors, impulsivity, hopelessness, aspects of current suicidality

Question 49

Joiner's Theory of Suicidality

Answer 49

Social-interpersonal theory: thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomness create desire for suicide + capacity for suicide can = an attempt

Question 50

Somatic symptom disorder

Answer 50

involves physical symptoms and complaints suggesting the presence of medical condition, contain no evidence of physical pathology; not intentionally produced or under voluntary control; individuals seek medical, not psychological treatment; excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to somatic symptoms or related health concerns: disproportionate and persistent thoughts about seriousness, high levels of anxiety, excessive time/energy devoted

Question 51

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Answer 51

preoccupation with having/ acquiring a serious illness, somatic symptoms may or may not be present, high level of anxiety about health, excessive health-related behaviors or maladaptive avoidance

Question 52

Factitious disorder

Answer 52

"Previously Munchausen's" falsification of physical of psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deception; presents themselves to others as ill, impaired, or injured; deceptive behavior is evident even int eh absence of obvious external rewards, can be by proxy

Question 53

David Southall

Answer 53

Filmed suspected cases waiting to be seen (his patients), parents suffocated, poisoned, or attempted to break bones. 33 parents prosecuted, 23 diagnosed with factitious disorder by proxy

Question 54

Dissociative disorders

Answer 54

sudden disruption in the continuity of consciousness, memory, identity

Question 55

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 55

inability to recall important personal information: usually about a traumatic experience, not ordinary forgetting, not due to physical trauma, may last hours or years; usually remits spontaneously and memory returns in bits and pieces

Question 56

Dissociative Fugue

Answer 56

amnesia plus flight; sudden, unexpected travel with inability to recall one's past: assume new identity (may involve new name, job, personality characteristics), more often of brief duration, remits spontaneously

Question 57

Depersonalization/ derealization disorder

Answer 57

Perception of self is altered- feelings of detachment or disconnection: watching self from outside, emotional numbing. unusual sensory experiences: limbs feel deformed or enlarged, voice sounds different or distant

Question 58

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 58

Two or more distinct and fully developed personalities (alters), each with unique behaviors, memories, and friendships. Memory gaps common for periods of time when alters are in control. rare disorder (diagnosis is controversial). other symptoms: headaches, hallucinations, self harm, suicide attempts

Question 59

Etiology of DID, two theories

Answer 59

Posttraumatic model: DID results from severe psychological and/or sexual abuse from childhood sociocognitive model: DID a form of role-play in suggestible individuals, occurs in response to prompting by therapists or media, no conscious deception

Question 60

eating disorders

Answer 60

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder

Question 61

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 61

restriction of energy intake: unable to maintain 85% of expected weight for frame, height. extreme weight loss or failure to gain weight during period of growth, restricted diet. intense fear of weight gain: increases as weight diminishes. Disturbance in the way in which one's body shape or weight is experienced, undue influence on self-evaluation, or denial of seriousness of current low weight. Restricting and purging subtypes

Question 62

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 62

Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such as self induced vomiting etc. Self evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight. Recurrence of bingeing and purging Weight is usually normal, easy to conceal

Question 63

Binge Eating Disorder

Answer 63

same as BN but without purging; impaired control, stress. Binges: more rapidly, uncomfortably full, eating when not hungry, eating alone, disgusted, depressed, guilty

Question 64

Eating disorders neurotransmitters

Answer 64

serotonin (plays role in satiation, regulation of mood and impulsivity, esp. in BN) and norepinephrine (diminished, maybe due to malnutrition, but could play a role in maintenance), SSRIs used in treatment.

Question 65

Personality disorders

Answer 65

long-standing patterns of thought, behavior, and emotions that are maladaptive for the individual or for people around him/her

Question 66

Personality disorders diagnostic difficulties

Answer 66

not sharply defined, diagnostic criteria less precise, inferred traits rather than behavior, low reliability and validity, categories not mutually exclusive, substantial comorbidity, little prospective research, little research on etiology, categorical vs. dimensional approach

Question 67

Personality disorder clusters

Answer 67

Cluster A seem odd or eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal Cluster B seem dramatic, emotional, or erratic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic Cluster C appear anxious or fearful: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Question 68

Five factor model to personality

Answer 68

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness

Question 69

Paranoid Personality Disorder (cluster A)

Answer 69

Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion. causes are unclear (may result from early learning that people and the world is dangerous).

Question 70

Schizoid personality disorder (cluster A)

Answer 70

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations, causes unclear.

Question 71

Schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 71

behavior and dress is odd and unusual, most are socially isolated and may be highly suspicious of others, magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions are common. risk of developing schizophrenia is high in this group. (maybe it is a phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype?)

Question 72

Avoidant personality disorder (cluster c)

Answer 72

extremely sensitive to opinions of others, highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships, are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection. causes unclear (but maybe early development- a difficult temperament produces early rejection).

Question 73

Dependent personality disorder (cluster c)

Answer 73

excessive reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions, unreasonable fear of abandonment, tendency to be clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships. Causes unclear but linked to early disruptions in learning independence.

Question 74

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (cluster c)

Answer 74

excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way. tend to be highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow. obsessions and compulsions are rare.

Question 75

Borderline personality disorder (cluster b)

Answer 75

patterns of unstable moods and relationships. impulsivity, fear of abandonment, coupled with poor self-image. Self-mutilation and suicidal gestures are not uncommon. Causes: runs in families, may be related to early trauma and abuse

Question 76

Histrionic Personality disorder (cluster b)

Answer 76

patterns of behavior that are overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative. often impulsive and need to be the center of attention. thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow. causes unknown (maybe a sex-typed variant of antisocial personality?)

Question 77

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (cluster b)

Answer 77

exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance, preoccupation with receiving attention, lack sensitivity and compassion for other people, highly sensitive to criticism, tend to be envious and arrogant. causes unknown.

Question 78

Antisocial personality disorder (cluster b)

Answer 78

Have to be 18 y.o. before it can be diagnosed; predatory attitude toward other people, chronic indifference to and violation of the rights of one's fellow human beings, history of illegal or socially disapproved activity beginning before age 15 and continuing into adulthood, failure to show constancy and responsibility in work, sexual relationships, parenthood, or financial obligations. irritability and aggressiveness, reckless and impulsive behavior, disregard for the truth. (causes: maybe genetics, low serotonin, individual differences, modeling, etc.)

Question 79

psychopathy

Answer 79

deeds are not motivated by any understandable purpose, shallow emotions, poor judgement and failure to learn from experience, ability to maintain a pleasant and convincing exterior, inadequate conscience development, irresponsible and impulsive behavior, rejection of authority, ability to impress and exploit others, inability to maintain good relationships.

Question 80

substance abuse disorders

Answer 80

problems related to the use and abuse of psychoactive substances; produce wide-ranging physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects.

Question 81

substance abuse

Answer 81

failure to fulfill major obligations, exposure to physical dangers, legal problems brought on by drug use, persistent social or interpersonal problems.

Question 82

substance dependence

Answer 82

tolerance to drug action occurs, withdraw symptoms occur with cessation, person recognizes excessive use of the drug, much of their time is spent getting the drug or recovering from its effects, substance use continues despite physical or psychological problems caused by it.

Question 83

Five main categories of substances

Answer 83

depressants (result in behavioral sedation e.g. alcohol, sedative, anxioltyic drugs), stimulants (increase alertness and elevate mood e.g. cocaine, nicotine, caffeine), opiates (primarily produce analgesia and euphoria e.g. heroin, morphine, codeine), hallucinogens (alter sensory perception e.g. marijuana, LSD), other drugs of abuse include inhalants, anabolic steroids, medications.

Question 84

physical v behavioral dependence

Answer 84

physical dependence easy to treat, behavioral dependence when drugs become central reinforcement of life, life revolves around use of drug (e.g. social life, etc.), state-dependent learning

Question 85

behavioral addictive disorders

Answer 85

gambling, internet, shopping, sex (hypersexual disorder), etc.

Question 86

Alcohol Use Disorder

Answer 86

problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to impairment/distress as manifested by at least two symptoms: alcohol taken in larger amounts or over a longer period of time than was intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control, time spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use it or recover from it, craving, recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations, continued use despite having persistent and recurrent social and interpersonal problems caused by it, important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up, recurrent use in situations in which it is physically dangerous, use is continued despite knowledge of having persistent and recurrent physical or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by its use, tolerance, withdrawal.

Question 87

Paraphilia, gender dysphoria, sexual dysfunctions

Answer 87

paraphilias- recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve nonhuman objects, suffering or humiliation of oneself or partner, children or non-consenting person. (fetishistic, transvestic, voyeuristic, exhibitionistic, etc.) gender dysphoria- people who believe they are of the opposite sex and suffer from it, controversial diagnostic category, pathologizes natural variation in human behavior and carries stigma. sexual dysfunction- disruption in sexual functioning

Question 88

psychosis

Answer 88

the hallmark of schizophrenia, a significant loss of contact with reality

Question 89

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 89

childhood disorder: over-diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, new diagnosis with restrictive criteria might diminish the over-diagnosis.

Question 90

Conduct disorder

Answer 90

four groups of features: aggression to people/ animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violations of rules. 15 year or younger, subtype callous-unemotional. 40% meet ASPD as adults.

Question 91

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Answer 91

argumentative/ defiant, angry/irritable, vindictive. 25% later meet criteria for conduct disorder, begins by age 8.

Question 92

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 92

intellectual disability, autism spectrum, communication, ADHD, learning disorders, motor disorders.

Question 93

asberger's

Answer 93

much more highly functioning, lack of severe self-injury or isolated repetitive behaviors, employed but socially isolated, awkward, and peculiar, mild variant of autism spectrum.

Question 94

conversion disorder

Answer 94

unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory function. include paralysis when there is no neurobiological damage or even blindness when there is no evidence of damage to the visual system or brain.