Abnormalities of Bone

Question 1

What are bone abnormalities?

Answer 1

• break in bone
• fractures

Question 2

What are bone abnormalities?

Answer 2

• break in bone
• fractures

Question 3

What is an open fracture?

Answer 3

Skin broken because of fracture

Question 4

What is a closed fracture?

Answer 4

Skin still intact

Question 5

What are the types of fractures? (9)

Answer 5

• transverse
• displaced
• compression
• spiral
• epiphyseal
• comminuted
• greenstick
• Colles
• Pott’s

Question 6

What is transverse (closed) fracture?

Answer 6

Break in bone perpendicular to its length
- heals easily

Question 7

What is displaced fracture?

Answer 7

Bone has broken and moved from place of alignment
- if not healed in correct position, can cause deformity of limb

Question 8

What is compression fracture?

Answer 8

Break in bone that occurs in vertebrae
- causes it to collapse due to weight of body
- hard to heal to original position

Question 9

What is spiral fracture?

Answer 9

Caused by twisting force that forms a fracture line around the bone
- heals well

Question 10

What is epiphyseal fracture?

Answer 10

Fracture around growth plate
- causes abnormal growth, limb deformities

Question 11

What is comminuted fracture?

Answer 11

Bone has broken into fragments
- very hard to heal due to complex fragments

Question 12

What is greenstick fracture?

Answer 12

Crack in the bone, not completely fractured
- heals quickly & well

Question 13

How does a fracture repair?

Answer 13

1. hematoma (blood clot) forms
2. internal & external callus begins to forms as spongy bone
3. bony callus fully formed & replaces dead bone
4. bone remodelling occurs overtime

Question 14

How does a hematoma form?

Answer 14

• Immediately after fracture, extensive bleeding occurs
• overtime large blood clot forms

Question 15

How does the internal & external callus begin to form?

Answer 15

• network of spongy bone unites the inner edges to form internal callus
• external callus of cartilage & bone stabilises outer edges
• forms in days

Question 16

What happens after the bone callus has formed?

Answer 16

• external callus replaced by bone
• dead bone replaced
• takes weeks to form

Question 17

How does bone remodelling occur?

Answer 17

• swelling/deformity marks location of fracture
• this region is remodelled

Question 18

What is Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)?

Answer 18

• extremely rare disease
• bone forming outside of skeleton (muscle, tendon, ligament) is ossified
• causes loss of mobility

Question 19

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 19

Porous bones
- decrease in minerals (esp Ca) in bones
- weaker & susceptible to fractures

Question 20

Where does osteoporosis occur?

Answer 20

Any bone in body but most commonly spine, hips and wrists

Question 21

Who can be affected by osteoporosis?

Answer 21

• mainly post-menopausal women
• men, younger women & children

Question 22

What are risk factors of osteoporosis?

Answer 22

• increased age
• gender: female > male
• ethnic origin: caucasian
• family history
• lifestyle
• long-term use of medication affecting bone strength / hormone levels
• hormone-related conditions

Question 23

What does estrogen cause an increase in?

Answer 23

• calcitonin
• absorption of Ca in intestines
• activity of osteoblasts

Question 24

What does estrogen cause a decrease in?

Answer 24

• parathyroid hormone
• excretion of Ca in kidney
• osteoclasts

Question 25

How does the effect of estrogen on calcitonin and parathyroid hormone affect bones?

Answer 25

causes overall decrease in bone resorption/breakdown

Question 26

How does the effect of estrogen on Ca (in kidneys and intestine) affect bones?

Answer 26

- intestine = increases bone building - kidney = decreases bone building - overall increase in bone builidng

Question 27

How does the effect of estrogen on osteoblasts and osteoclasts affect bones?

Answer 27

- osteoblasts = increases bone building - osteoclasts = decreases bone resorption - overall increase in bone building

Question 28

What does estrogen deficiency cause?

Answer 28

- bone breakdown increases - bone building decreases

Question 29

What are age related changes in bone mass?

Answer 29

- bone mass increases with age until mid 20s - bone mass decreases after 40

Question 30

What is the difference in bone appearance between a normal bone matrix and osteoporosis?

Answer 30

- osteoporosis has less dense network - more vulnerable to fracture

Question 31

How is osteoporosis identified?

Answer 31

dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Question 32

List preventative measures for osteoporosis

Answer 32

* Adequate calcium & vitamin D intake * Weight bearing exercise * Assess bone health in woman >50 & in men > 60 * Adequate estrogen in high risk individuals * Avoid smoking & excess alcohol * Prevent first fragility fracture / future fractures if already occurred

Question 33

What is a treatment of osteoporosis?

Answer 33

Bisphosphonates (bone antiresorptive agent) - inhibits digestion of bone - by encouraging osteoclasts to undergo apoptosis (cell death) - thereby slowing bone loss

Question 34

What is Rickets?

Answer 34

- softening & weakening of bones in children - due to extreme & prolonged vitamin D deficiency

Question 35

What is Sarcoma?

Answer 35

- rare cancers - arise from transformed cells

Question 36

Where do sarcomas develop?

Answer 36

- bone - muscle - nerves - cartilage - tendons - blood vessels - fatty & fibrous tissues

Question 37

What is a osteosarcoma?

Answer 37

Most common type of bone cancer, arises in bone.

Question 38

What is Myeloma?

Answer 38

Cancer of blood cells in bone marrow - abnormal cells collect in the bone marrow - forms tumors