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absorption/metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

how much lipid do you need to absorb A

A

usually enough in a balanced meal - 3-5g

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2
Q

what impact could a low fat diet have on A status

A

possible deficiency

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3
Q

how much animal bit A/preformed/retinol is absorbed

A

70-90% - liver toxicity!

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4
Q

how are provitamin A/carotenes metabolised in small intestine

A

converted to retinol

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5
Q

are carotenes potentially toxic

A

no, body regulates

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6
Q

what relationship are carotenes to carotenoids

A

carotenes are carotenoids

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7
Q

where is A stored

A

in the liver

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8
Q

what is retinol (alcohol) oxidised to in body

A

retinal (aldehyde) and retinoid acid (acid)

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9
Q

3 carotenoids that are converted into A

A

beta-carotene
alpha-carotene
beta-cryptoxanthin

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10
Q

3 carotenoids not converted into A

A

lycopene
lutein
zeaxanthin (antioxidants)

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11
Q

what are the vitamins of A

A

retinol
retinal
retinoid acid

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12
Q

b1 absorption inhibited by

A

alcohol

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13
Q

b1 is lost in your own

A

sweat/urine

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14
Q

is thiamin stored in your body

A

v little

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15
Q

What turns urine bright yellow

A

Excess riboflavin

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16
Q

What is our absorption of riboflavin like

A

Limited

Impaired by alcohol, antacids etc

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17
Q

What are the cofactor/coenzyme forms of riboflavin that the body can use

A

FAD

FMN

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18
Q

What is long for FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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19
Q

What is long for FMN

A

Flavin mononucleotide

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20
Q

how should you take riboflavin for better absorption

A

with food

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21
Q

can niacin be synthesised in the body

A

yes from amino acid tryptophan

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22
Q

how much tryptophan makes 1mg niacin

A

60mg

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23
Q

what must niacin be converted into for the body to use

A

coenzyme/cofactor forms:
NADH
NADPH

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24
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate are cofactor forms of what

A

niacin
NADH
NADPH

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25
which effective form of which vitamin can cause a flush
'flushing' niacin - flush is good - really works
26
can niacin be synthesised in the body
yes from amino acid tryptophan
27
how much tryptophan makes 1mg niacin
60mg
28
what must niacin be converted into for the body to use
coenzyme/cofactor forms: NADH NADPH
29
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate are cofactor forms of what
niacin NADH NADPH
30
which effective form of which vitamin can cause a flush
'flushing' niacin - flush is good - really works
31
2 other forms pyroxidine
pyridoxal | pyridoxamine
32
all 3 form of pyridoxine converted to
pyridoxal phosphate PLP
33
two types & long names of vit D
D2 - ergocalciferol | D3 - cholecalciferol
34
ergocalciferol what source | made from what
plant source | made from steroid
35
source of cholecalciferol | made from what
source - sun exposure/animal source | made from cholesterol
36
D2 or D3 more potent
D3 much more potent
37
is much D stored
v little stored in blood as CALCIFEROL
38
what must happen to D3/2 so body can use
must be HYDROXYLATED (converted)
39
which 2 hydroxylations must any D go through
1 - in liver - converts to CALCIDIOL | 2 - in kidney - converts to CALCITRIOL
40
calcidiol long name
25-hydroxyvitamin D3
41
calcitriol long name
1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
42
which is active form of D
calcitriol | 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
43
2 families of vit E compounds
tocopherols | tocotrienols
44
E primarily stored where
in cell lipid membranes | and adipose tissue
45
action of tocopherols and most active
a-tocopherol most active | mainly antioxidants, skin
46
action of tocotrienols
mainly cholesterol-lowering similar to statin
47
3 types & long names K
K1 - phylloquinone K2 - menaquinone K3 - menadione
48
K1 source
green leafy veg
49
K2 source
synthesised in our intestinal bacteria
50
K3 source
synthetic compound - can be made into K1
51
how much K1 is absorbed
80%
52
where is K2 absorbed and how well
partly | into lymphatic system
53
3 types & long names K
K1 - phylloquinone K2 - menaquinone K3 - menadione
54
K1 source
green leafy veg
55
K2 source
synthesised in our intestinal bacteria
56
K3 source
synthetic compound - can be made into K1
57
how much K1 is absorbed
80%
58
where is K2 absorbed and how well
partly | into lymphatic system
59
folate is a family of compounds called
pteroglutamates
60
the primary active form of folate in the body is
THF - tetrahydrofolate
61
by how much is synthetic folate more bioavailable than natural folate
1.7 as available
62
What is added, then removed from folate after absorption
a methyl group (-CH3) | its is removed by B12 - which activates both vitamins

Vitamins (13 decks)

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