Acid/Base reading 1

Question 1

The human body is composed of at least 50% what?

Answer 1

water or H2O

Question 2

Infants have _____ water by weight than adults, and women usually have _____ water by weight than men.

Answer 2

more, less

Question 3

Name the two major fluid compartments of the body.

Answer 3

Extracellular fluid compartment

Intracellular fluid compartment

Question 4

Blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and fluid in the tissue spaces are included in the what fluid compartment.

Answer 4

extracellular

Question 5

All of the fluid found within the body cells is part of the what?

Answer 5

intracellular

Question 6

Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment?

Answer 6

Intracellular fluid

Question 7

Which of the the following are subdivisions of the extracellular fluid compartment?

Answer 7

Cerebrospinal fluid

Plasma

Interstitial fluid

Question 8

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ______.

Answer 8

sodium

Question 9

What causes osmotic pressure and movement of water between the fluid compartments?

Answer 9

Electrolytes

Question 10

The most abundant anion in extracellular fluid is what?

Answer 10

Chloride

Question 11

Interstitial fluid and plasma are examples of _____.

Answer 11

extracellular fluids

Question 12

what is an important function of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 12

They control the movement of water between fluid compartments.

Question 13

In regards to the daily volume of water intake and loss ______.

Answer 13

intake should equal loss

Question 14

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ______.

Answer 14

sodium

Question 15

What major variables are affected by improper regulation of water balance?

Answer 15

Interstitial fluid pressure

Blood osmolality

Blood pressure

Question 16

Most water intake (90%) comes from ______.

Answer 16

ingestion

Question 17

True or False: Water ingestion is regulated by the thirst mechanism.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Blood osmolarity and pressure can be affected by changes in the volume of ______ in the body.

Answer 18

water

Question 19

Which of the following are sources of water intake?

Answer 19

Cellular metabolism

Ingestion

Question 20

The structure that promotes the thirst sensation is the ______.

Answer 20

hypothalamus

Question 21

Besides personal preferences and habits, what important mechanism is responsible for maintaining water intake?

Answer 21

Thirst

Question 22

Long-term suppression of thirst is regulated by ______.

Answer 22

reduction of blood osmolality

Question 23

An increase in blood ______ or a decrease in blood ______ can result in the sensation of thirst.

Answer 23

osmolarity, volume

Question 24

What structures serve as the main sensors for the thirst mechanism?

Answer 24

Specialized cells in the kidney

Arterial baroreceptors

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Question 25

True or false: Long-term suppression of thirst results when blood osmolality and volumes are within normal ranges.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Wetting the oral mucosa and stretching the digestive tract wall causes ______ in thirst sensations.

Answer 26

a temporary interruption

Question 27

The largest route of water loss is about 1500 mL/day and it occurs through ______.

Answer 27

urine excretion

Question 28

A temporary reduction in thirst occurs when ______.

Answer 28

ingested water distends the digestive tract the mouth becomes wet

Question 29

Identify routes by which water is lost from the body.

Answer 29

Urination Defecation Respiration Perspiration

Question 30

The largest route of water loss is through the excretion of what?

Answer 30

urine

Question 31

What is/are the primary organ(s) responsible for regulating blood pressure and osmolality by controlling water loss?

Answer 31

Kidneys

Question 32

True or false: Long-term suppression of thirst results when blood osmolality and volumes are within normal ranges.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

The amount of water lost through the what passages depends on the temperature and humidity of the air and body temperature.

Answer 33

respiratory or respiration

Question 34

The hypothalamic sensors are responsive to changes in blood ______, whereas the arterial baroreceptors and juxtaglomerular apparatuses are responsive to changes in blood ______.

Answer 34

osmolality, volume

Question 35

Routes of water loss occur through ______.

Answer 35

defecation evaporation urination

Question 36

What can affect the volume of water lost through respiration?

Answer 36

Body temperature Temperature of the air Humidity of the air

Question 37

Water loss varies ______ depending on physical activity level and environmental conditions.

Answer 37

greatly

Question 38

When blood osmolality levels increase, the secretion of ADH ______.

Answer 38

Increases

Question 39

Identify how the body will respond to an increase in osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.

Answer 39

ADH secretion increases. Thirst increases.

Question 40

What structures detect changes in blood pressure and activate mechanisms for regulating extracellular blood volume?

Answer 40

Cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus Baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 41

Mechanisms used to regulate extracellular fluid volume include _____.

Answer 41

antidiuretic hormone mechanism renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism sympathetic neuron inputs atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism

Question 42

True or false: Both the adrenal medulla and the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney play an important role in regulating blood volume.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Identify the location of baroreceptors that play an important role in regulating blood volume.

Answer 43

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 44

Name the hormone that has receptors located in the walls of the heart, is released when blood pressure increases and that also increases the production of urine.

Answer 44

Atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 45

Which of the following structures are involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?

Answer 45

Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus Distal convoluted tubules Adrenal cortex

Question 46

Mechanisms used to regulate extracellular fluid volume include _____.

Answer 46

sympathetic neuron inputs antidiuretic hormone mechanism renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism

Question 47

Which statements describe the atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism?

Answer 47

ANH results in increased urine production. Receptors are located in the heart walls. ANH is released with rising blood pressure.

Question 48

ADH helps the kidney retain water and thus it slows down the ______ in blood volume and the ______ in its osmolarity. Thus, the ADH mechanism forms a negative feedback loop.

Answer 48

decline, rise

Question 49

What substances can move across plasma membranes and alter the composition of intracellular fluid?

Answer 49

Water Electrolytes

Question 50

Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by the relative concentration of ______ in each compartment.

Answer 50

solutes