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Biochem Unit 2 > Ackerman Lectures 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Ackerman Lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

aldo-sugars

A

D-glyceraldehyde (3), erythrose (4), ribose (5), glucose (6), mannose (6), galactose (6)

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2
Q

keto-sugars

A

dihydroxyacetone (3), ribulose (5), xylulose (5), fructose (6)

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3
Q

linear to cyclic isoform

A

addition of alcohol C to carbonyl C

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4
Q

hemi-acetal anomeric carbon

A

glucose; C1

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5
Q

hemi-ketal anomeric carbon

A

fructose; C2

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6
Q

glucose and galactose difference

A

C4; OH down and up, respectively

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7
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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8
Q

lactose

A

galactose + glucose

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9
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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10
Q

reducing sugars

A

glucose, galactose, fructose, maltose, lactose–NOT sucrose (b/c link is at both anomeric Cs)

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11
Q

starch and glycogen vs cellulose

A

alpha vs beta 1,4 linkages, respectively

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12
Q

GLUT-1

A

in RBC, brain, kidney; glucose uptake

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13
Q

GLUT-2

A

liver, panc b-cell, intestinal contraluminal memb; rapid uptake/rel of glucose, high capacity, low affin; essential to liver fxn

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14
Q

GLUT-3

A

brain, kidney; glucose uptake

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15
Q

GLUT-4

A

skel musc, heart, adipose; insulin-stim glucose uptake; E storage

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16
Q

GLUT-5

A

SI; fructose, glucose absorp

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17
Q

glycolytic stages

A

hexose; splitting; triose

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18
Q

hexose stage

A

glucose–>F16BP; 2 mol ATP consumed per glucose; hexokinase, p-hexose isomerase, PFK-1

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19
Q

splitting stage

A

cleave F16BP–>1 aldo and 1 keto-sugar; keto isomerized to aldo; aldolase, triose-P-isomerase

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20
Q

triose stage

A

3C aldo sugar–>3C acid (pyruvate); 2 ATP prod per 3C intermed via subst-level phos; GA3PDH, PG kinase, PG mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase

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21
Q

hexokinase

A

Pi transfer from ATP to glucose; low Km; traps glc in cell; -4 kcal/mol

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22
Q

p-hexose isomerase

A

converts aldo sugar to keto form (G6P–>F6P); +0.5kcal/mol

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23
Q

PFK-1

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A

P transfer from ATP to F6P; E from hydrol 2ATP conserved in F16BP; -3.4kcal/mol

24
Q

aldolase

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A

splits F16BP into GA3P (ald) and DHAP (ket); fwd despite +5.7kcal/mol; pulled by exergonic rxns of triose

25
triose-P-isomerase
inter-converts GA3P with DHAP; KEY STEP b/c only ald can proceed; w/o, no net ATP yield; +1.8kcal/mol
26
GA3PDH
phos GA3P to 1,3BPG; includes oxid of ald to acid; NAD+ is e- acceptor here; +1.5kcal/mol
27
phosphoglycerate kinase
P trans from C-1 of 1,3BPG to ADP to form ATP; leaves 3-PGA intermed; first anaerobic ATP synth step; -4.4 kcal/mol
28
PGA mutase
reversible P position shift; +1.1 kcal/mol
29
enolase
non-hydrol cleavage (lyase) splits out H2O to create high-E phosphoenol intermed; -0.8 kcal/mol
30
pyruvate kinase
hydrol enol-P and transfers P to ADP-->ATP; leaves pyruvate; 2nd anaerobic ATP synth step; -7.5 kcal/mol
31
for every glucose that enters...
steps 1-5 occur once (6-CHO to two 3-CHO); steps 6-10 occur twice (two 3-CHO to two Pyr)
32
input
glc + 2ATP + 2NAD+ + 2Pi + 4ADP
33
output
2 Pyr + 2ADP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 4ATP + 2H2O
34
net rxn
glc + 2NAD+ + 2Pi + 2ADP --> 2Pyr + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O
35
2,3-BPG
from 1,3-BPG mutase; cleaved by phosphatase-->2-PGA that feeds into glycolysis at enolase rxn
36
molecs phos by hexokinase using ATP as P donor
glucose, fructose, mannose
37
type I galactosemia
GALT deficiency; classic (t change UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose)
38
type II galactosemia
GALK deficiency (can't change galactose to galactose-1P)
39
type III galactosemia
GALE deficiency (can't interconvert UDP-glc and UDP-galac)
40
hypoglycemia
inhibition of phosphoglucomutase
41
pentose phosphate pathway, oxid branch
alt path of G6P metab; gen NADPH and ribulose 5-P
42
nonoxid PPP
ops as shunt if pentose-5-P levels sufficient in cell; for every 18C used to prod NADPH, 3 lost as CO2 and 15C captured as intermeds for glycolysis
43
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
G6P-->6-phosphoglucolactone; NADP+ to NADPH + H+
44
lactonase
add H2O; 6-phosphoglucolactone-->6-phosphogluconate
45
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
6-phosphogluconate-->ribulose 5P; NADP+ to NADPH and H+; release CO2 (decarboxylation)
46
ribulose 5P
used by all cells to make phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP)
47
G6PDH inhibition
high intracellular [NADPH]
48
pentose phosphate shunt
sugar rearr to convert excess pentose-5-P into glycolytic intermeds; involve ketose donor, aldose acceptor; 2 enz's are link back to glycolysis (transketolase, transaldoslase); need 2 xylulose and 1 ribose 5P
49
transketolase
catalyzes 2-C transfers (TPP (vit B1) enz)
50
transaldolase
catalyzes 3-C transfers
51
G6PDH and pyruvate kinase deficiency
non-spherocytic hemolytic anemias
52
defective PK
ATP deficiency in RBCs
53
defective G6PDH
NADPH defic, impairs RBC abil to neutralize intracell radicals via GSH
54
deficiency of NADPH or NADH
interferes w/heme fxn directly; jaundice, Heinz bodies in RBCs
55
defective RBC pyruvate kinase
dec flux thru glycolysis; higher 2,3-BPG levels, lower Hb affin for O2 such that reduc in RBC number compensated by inc efficency in O2 deliv to tissues
56
G6PD deficiency
X-linked; diff mutations in gene w/diff levels of enz activity assoc w/range of biochem and clin phenos; asymp for years until take drugs (antimalarial, sulfonamide, aspirin and NSAIDs)/ingest fava beans (need GSH); global dist sim to malaria; hemolytic anemia reduces blood O2 and parasites fail to thrive

Biochem Unit 2 (13 decks)

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