Acquired dysgraphia Flashcards
(34 cards)
What modalities could be affected by dysgraphia?
- hand writing
- typing
- oral spelling
What is the Rapsack and Beeson model of writing (2000)?
Linguistic
- semantic system
- orthographic output lexicon
- graphemic output buffer
Motor
- allographic realisation
- graphemic motor planning
What is the Patterson and Shewell model of writing (1987)?
- semantic system
- orthographic output lexicon
- graphemic output buffer
What are the three routes of spelling single words?
- lexical semantic route
- sublexical route
- direct lexical route
What is the lexical-semantic route?
- semantic system
- orthographic output lexicon
- graphemic output buffer
Describe the semantic system
- semantic conceptual system (central system used in comp and retreival)
- sucessful semantic activation = activation of corresponding representation in orthographic output lexicon
What writing impairments may be seen if semantic system damaged?
- errors in spontaneous writing
- errors in writing to dictation
- limited written output
- semantic errors (and no responses)
- imagebility effect
Describe the OOL
- ordered store of spellings of known and actively used orthographic forms
- Structured by cohorts based on similarity of form
- frequency is imp variable in accessibility of info
What writing impairments might be seen with OOL damage?
- dissociation between modalities
- representations tend to be degraded rather than completely lost
Describe the graphemic output buffer
- implicit/unconscious, short-term, limited capacity store
- intermediate products of encoding are held until the specification of word/clause is complete
- abstract, info about case not specified
What impairments may result from damage to graphemic output buffer?
- length effects
- spelling errors
- errors across tasks for both words and non-words
- no frequency or imagebility effect
Describe the sublexical route of writing
- phonological-graphemic conversion
- ‘sounding out’/ segmenting the word into phonemes & translating phonemes into graphemes
- used for non-words and unfamiliar words (allows acquisition of new spellings if new words, writing non-words to dictation)
What error might be observed if someone is using the sublexical route?
regularisation of irregular spelling
Why might transcoding routes be imp in rehab?
- If an individual has difficulty retrieving information in one modality, if G-P rules are present or ‘stimulable’, could teach an autonomous phonemic cueing strategy
- Example: An individual is unable to retrieve spoken word ‘soap’, but can write it. If know that letter ‘s’ = sound /s/ then might be able to self-generate initial phonemic cue to trigger spoken naming
Describe the direct lexical route
- retrieval of word in phonological output lexicon directly activates word within OOL
- may be able to write a word dictated to them via a lexical route bypassing the semantic system
What will using the direct lexical route result in?
can write irregular words to dictation without knowing meaning of word
What are the stages of post-lexical processing?
- allographic realisation
- graphemic motor programming
What is a key feature of post-lexical processing?
- modality specific motor codes (written, oral, typing)
- therefore can spell orally, through skilled finger movement, or pressing keys
How can dysgraphias be divided?
- Rapsack and Beeson (2000) model
Linguistic section = central dysgraphias
Motor section = peripheral dysgraphias
Define central agraphia
- disruption from semantic level to abstract orthographic representation in OOL, to output buffer
- no dissociation between modalities
Define peripheral agraphias
- disruptions post-buffer
- observe dissociations between different modes of spelling output
What are the different central agraphias?
- phonological
- surface
- deep
Often show a mixed pattern of impairment - pure subtypes rare
Describe deep dysgraphia
- impaired semantic-OOL mapping
- unable to use P-G rules, so spelling not constrained by phonological system
What writing impairments may be seen with deep dysgraphia?
- semantic errors (defining feature)
- imeagability effect
- content words better than function
- can’t write non-words
- no regularity effect
