Actium

Question 1

Actium religion

Answer 1

Strabo Geography 7.7 ‘an offering of 10 ships’ at temple of Apollo

Question 2

Actium foreign

Answer 2

Virgil Aeneid 8 ‘barbarous arms’ ‘Queen summoned her squadrons with the Egyptian rattle’

Horace Odes 1.37
‘Caesar pursued her as she flew from Italy’ (Antony ommitted) ‘doom-laden monster’

VP 2.88 ‘foreign wars laid to rest, peace restored’ (‘twenty years of civil strife ended’)
Victory Monument ‘pursue the enemy’

Question 3

Actium coins

Answer 3

‘Aegypto Capta’ image of augur - piety (Denarius of A 28BC)
‘Imperator Caesar’ -triple triumph, victory standing on a ship
(Denarius 29-27BC)

Question 4

Actium peace

Answer 4

VP 2.88 ‘peace restored’
Victory monument Nikopolis ‘peace had been achieved by land and sea’ ‘on behalf of that state’

Triumphal Arch 29BC
‘commemorate the preservation of the state’

Question 5

Actium victory

Answer 5

Virgil ‘Augustus Caesar, leading the Italians (…) together with Senate and People, the Penates
and the great gods’

‘Caesar’s triple triumph’; ‘now resounding with joy and games and applause were the streets’ (but Suet 20 ‘Augustus only commanded armies in two foreign wars…in another he had one leg and both arms severely crushed’)