SPQR + Religion

Question 1

Senate - Augustus - respect

Answer 1

Respect:
- Majesty restored to the senate (VP 2.89)
- ‘paid off the debts of a senator friend’ Macrobius (2.4.23) (c.f. Tacitus 2.37)

Question 2

Augustus - military coins (Actium)

Answer 2

‘Aegypto capta’ - Denarius of Augustus 28BC - also linking to being Romulus ‘the optimus augur’ (piety)
‘imperator Caesar’ - Denarius of Aug 29BC
Triple triumph
Victory monument (Nikopolis) - ‘peace had been achieved by land and sea’ - Pax Augusta

Question 3

Senate - Augustus - sycophancy

Answer 3

Sycophancy
- Gave the senate the weaker provinces, kept the stronger provinces ‘under his authority’ - 2nd settlement
- Senate voted him to be ‘tribune for life’ and princeps senatus - able to bring any matter before the senate first (controlling agenda) (CD 53.32-3)

Question 4

Equestrian (noble)- Augustus - sycophancy

Answer 4

Sycophancy
- ‘the rest of the nobility found a cheerful acceptance of slavery the smoothest road to wealth and office’ (Tacitus 1.2)

Question 5

Equestrian - Augustus - criticism

Answer 5

Criticism
- Augustus cross examined every knight on his personal affairs (Suet 39)
- punished those with ‘scandalous’ lives (39)

Question 6

Plebs - Augustus - popular

Answer 6

Popular
- ‘they compelled him, as it seems, to accept autocratic powers’ (CD 53.11)
(Or ‘the dictatorship was offered to me by both senate and people’ – Aug.RG.5)

Question 7

Plebs - Augustus - restoration

Answer 7

Republic restoration
- ‘I transferred the republic from my own control to the will of the senate and the Roman people’ (Aug RG 34)
- ‘Restored the rights and laws to the people’ (Aureus (28BC))

Question 8

Plebs - Augustus - principate

Answer 8

Principate
- ‘the power of both people and senate passed entirely into the hands of Augustus’ CD

Question 9

Senate - Tiberius - respect

Answer 9

• Suetonius 30 – ‘gave the appearance of restoring popular liberties by seeing that the senate and the magistrates enjoyed their former dignity and authority’
• Suetonius 30- ‘referred all public business, however important or unimportant, to the senators.’

Question 10

Senate - Tiberius - sycophancy

Answer 10

Sycophancy
- ‘they threw themselves at his feet imploring him to change his mind’ (Suet 24) - to the point they lost their patience that he would not accept to be princeps
- Tacitus 3.65 – ‘The greatest figures had to protect their positions by subserviency; and [all] competed with each other’s offensively sycophantic proposals’.

Question 11

Senate - Tiberius - cruelty

Answer 11

Cruelty
- ‘asked the Senate to choose 20 of the most prominent members.. Of these, barely two or three survived’ (Suet 50)

Question 12

Senate - Tiberius - challenge

Answer 12

Challenge
- Senators and society treated Sejanus as the emperor, had only contempt for Tiberius (CD 58.4)

Question 13

Equestrian - Tiberius - cruelty

Answer 13

Cruelty
- ‘her father, a distinguished knight, and her brother a former praetor, saw condemnation ahead and killed themselves.’ (Of a family with links to Pompey and had divine lineage) (Tac 6.18)

Question 14

Soldiers - Tiberius

Answer 14

Army
- Army in Germany refused to acknowledge him since they didn’t chose him (Suetonius 25)
- Soldiers ‘wanted a new leader, a new order of things, and a new republic.’ (VP 2.125) (c.f. Tac 1.35 - ready to put Germanicus in place if he so wanted)

Question 15

Plebs - Tiberius - positive actions

Answer 15

Positive
- reorganised the defective grain supply and the slave barracks (Suet 8)
- Velleius Paterculus 2.129 – ‘How often did he honour the people with Largesses ‘ 2.30 –‘What public buildings did he construct’ (unreliable)

Question 16

SPQR - Tiberius - cruelty

Answer 16

Cruelty
- ‘treason charges became so commonplace that they…cost the lives of more Roman citizens than any civil war.’ (Seneca Younger On benefits 3.26) (exaggeration)

Question 17

Tiberius influenced

Question 18

Senate - Caligula hate/hated

Answer 18

Cruelty
- ‘he put to death great numbers of them on the strength of [the letters containing charges of maiestas’ [after he had purportedly destroyed them] (CD 59.4)
- ‘Being anxious that one particular senator should be torn in pieces… hand him over for lynching to the rest of the senate’ (Suet 28)
- especially hated the senate (Joe 19.1)

Question 19

Senate+People - Caligula - sycophancy

Answer 19

Sycophancy
- ‘the senate and a mob of people…immediately and unanimously conferred absolute power upon him’

Question 20

Equestrian - Caligula - cruelty

Answer 20

Cruelty
- He ‘had ten thousand devices against such of the equestrian order…they were at once slain and their wealth plundered’ (Joe 19.1)
- ‘Many men of decent family were branded…sent down the mines…thrown to wild beasts…sawn in half and not necessarily for major offences’ (Suet 27)

Question 21

Plebs - Caligula - sycophant

Answer 21

Sycophant
- ‘slave to the plaudits of the multitude’ (Joe 202)
- Allowed elections by the people and plebs, gave ‘a great number of gifts…delighting the rabble’ (CD 59.9)

Question 22

Plebs - Caligula - Positive

Answer 22

Coin showing tax remission with a freed slaves cap (pileus) (minted 3x) Suetonius 16.3 and Tacitus Annals 1.78.2, 2.42.4 show other tax breaks – with Tacitus showing that it was used to subdue protest over taxation

Question 23

Plebs - Caligula - Hated

Answer 23

Hated
- ‘Now he was spat upon… His statues and his images were dragged from their pedestals, for the people in particular remembered the distress they had endured.’ (CD 59.30)

Question 24

Senate - Claudius - kind

Answer 24

Kind
- ‘abolished the charge of maiestas’, pardoned those who had called for democracy, even gave them ‘honour and offices’ (Joe 60.3)

Question 25

Senate - Claudius - respectful

Answer 25

Respectful -‘consuls came down from their seats to speak with him. He got up and walked forward to meet them’ (CD 60.6) - Claudius reserved seats for senators in the circus, and still allowed them to sit anywhere (CD 60.7)

Question 26

Senate - Claudius - cruel

Answer 26

Cruel - Executed 35 senators and 300 equites flippantly. ‘Executed his father in law Appius Silanus, the two Julias, the daughter of Drusus and the daughter of Germanicus, all on uncertain charges.’ (Suet 29)

Question 27

Senate - Claudius - demeaning

Answer 27

Demeaning - Allowing a Gallic tribe, the Aedui to become senators (Tac 11.25) (also on bronze inscription in Lugdunum)

Question 28

Equestrian - Claudius cruel and unequal

Answer 28

Cruel - Forced equestrians who had performed under Gaius’ rule to perform in order to censure them for their ‘past conduct’ (CD 60.7) Unequal - As censor, kept a young reprobate, a notorious seducer of married women and girls, but banned some who left Italy without permission (Suet 16)

Question 29

Plebs - Claudius - positive/reasonable

Answer 29

Good -‘if [Claudius] became emperor he would protect them from civil wars’ (Joe 227) - ‘did not expel the Jews’ (CD 60.6), but heavily restricted their ability to meet and eventually expels them in 49AD (c.f. Tacitus)

Question 30

Plebs - Claudius - popular

Answer 30

Popular - Crowds demanded imperial rule from Claudius specifically (Suet 10)

Question 31

Soldiers - Claudius - reliant

Answer 31

- Praetorians chose Claudius (Joe 168) - best for them to stay influential - Rewards them with ‘15,000 sesterces’ annually (Suet 10)

Question 32

Claudius influenced

Answer 32

Suet 29 so infleunced that 'seemed to be their servant not their emperor; he distributed public offices' Rumours of tricking him into allowing Messalina and Silius (29) Poisoned (Agrippina 'accused of many crimes', Halotus) (12.65 'stepmother aimed to overthrow the whole imperial house') (Josephus 20 'poisoned by Agrippina') CD 60.14 'whenever they desired to obtain anyone's death, they would terrify Claudius and as a result would be allowed to anything they chose' ('Silanus perished because of a mere vision') 'Messalina, the most abandoned and lustful of women' 60.17 openly selling 'commands, procuratorships and governorships' (unlikely open) 'manly toga' of Nero 'prematurely' 12.41 (advanced to successor) (12.65 - wanted Britannicus to take revenge) Pallas influence in proposals (12.53+25) Pliny 'Callistus, Pallas and Narcissus' wealthiest freedmen (Natural History 33)

Question 33

Revival/strengthening - religion under Augustus

Answer 33

- 'you'll pay the gods for, Roman, till you restore their temples' (Horace Odes 3.6) 'fertile in sin' - adultery fashionable (Odes 3.6) - Julian Laws 18BC - adultery an offence, encouraged marriage (age limits) Similarity to Sallust 10 (decline in quality of 'youths') - Virgil 'shall bring back again the age of gold...where once Saturn ruled' (6.792) ' Caesar, son of a god' -‘Augustus showed great respect towards all ancient and long-established foreign rites, but despised the rest’ (Suet 93) (RG 8.2 'brought back...exemplary practices of our ancestors' - respect for priests, made more and gave them more privileges (Suet 31) - Held many religious positions, ‘I have been pontifex maximus, augur...'(RG 7) - Rebuilt in the city '82 temples' 'cost me 100 million sesterces' - Denarius of Augustus 16BC - Augustus and symbols for his 4 preisthoods (lituus, tripod, patera, simpulum)

Question 34

Revival/strengthening under Tiberius

Answer 34

- ‘He abolished foreign cults at Rome’ ‘banished all astrologers[except those who abandoned] that art’ (Suet 36) - ‘he consecrated the temples, ruined by age or fire, the restoration of which had been undertaken by Augustus.’

Question 35

Revival/restoration under Claudius

Answer 35

-'returned to the cities the statues which Gaius had summoned from them’ (CD 60.6) -‘Claudius not only revived obsolescent traditions but invented new ones’ (Suet 22) - 'he expelled [the Jews] from the city’ (Suet 25) - ‘he never admitted a priest…without first taking a personal oath that he thought him worthy'(Suet 22)

Question 36

Imperial Cult under Augustus

Answer 36

- 'did not prevent the building of a temple at Pergamum to himself and the City of Rome’ (Tac 4.37) - ‘renamed the month of Sextilius ‘August’ (Suet 31) - 'temple dedicated to Caesar Augustus by the union of all the Celtic people’ (Strabo 4.3.2) - People of Narbonne ‘bound themselves to worship his divinity for ever’ (Inscription on the altar to the nomen of Augustus (12-13BC)) Lares revived 'a thousand twin lares now, and a leader's genius' (Ovid Fasti 5.140) Inscription in Rome about the cult (7BC)- banning foreign cults and 'great respect to all ancient' Roman cults

Question 37

Augustus - using Religion

Answer 37

Actium 'offering of 10 ships' - to tie Apollo to his victory (Strabo 7.7) Actium shield Virgil Aeneid 8 'Caesar, leading the Italians....the great gods' (immediately followed by mentioning sacrifices at 300 temples and joy of the people) Tacitus Annals 12 - Englargement of 'Sacred boundary of Rome' - expanding empire Suet 31 burning 'more than 2000' prophetic texts, editing 'Sybilline books'

Question 38

Imperial Cult under Tiberius

Answer 38

‘he vetoed all bills for the dedication of temples and priests to his divinity’ (Suet 26) - ‘he forbade such offerings to be made to any human being’ ‘he forbade the consideration of any measure which proposed honours for himself’ (CD 58.8) (Tac 4.38 'rejection of divine honours') - shall sacrifice a bull on behalf of the safety of our rulers and gods and the eternal continuance of their rule’ Details 8 day civic festival.. Tib. Responds ‘i myself am satisfied with more moderate honours suitable for men’ (Inscription at Gytheion) - but accepts festival to celebrate imperial family - 4.37 Spain wanted to 'follow example of Asia' and erect shrine to Tiberius' 'I offered no opposition' BUT ' I am mortal' CD 58.4 'sacrificed to the images of Sejanus as they did to Tiberius'

Question 39

Imperial Cult under Caligula

Answer 39

- ‘actually built in Rome itself one temple of his own’ (CD 59.28) - ‘asserted his own divinity’ (Joe 19.1) - ‘pretend that he was Jupiter…pose as Neptune…impersonated Hercules, Bacchus, Apollo…often taking the role of Juno, Diana, or Venus…might seem really to resemble them’ (CD 59.26) - ‘he established a shrine to his own godhead, with priests…a life size golden image’ (Suet 22) - ‘the most revered or artistically famous statues of the gods, including that of Jupiter at Olympia…have their heads replaced by his own’ (Suet 22)

Question 40

Other Religion - Augustus - control

Answer 40

Augustus using it a method of control - 'Augustus collected all the copies of Greek and Latin prophetic verse…and burned more than two thousand. He kept only the Sybilline Books, and edited even these’ (Suet 31)

Question 41

Other religion - Tiberius - not caring

Answer 41

Tiberius not caring - ‘He lacked any deep regard for the gods or religious scruples’ (Suet 69) - ‘After the death of Augustus he showed equal respect for the gods and for his adoptive father’s memory’ (Suet 70)

Question 42

Other religion - Claudius - devout/superstitious

Answer 42

Claudius being superstitious - ‘if a bird of evil omen perched on the Capitol, Claudius would go..as pontifex maximus, order labourers and slaves to withdraw’ (Suet 22)

Question 43

Tiberius cult for Aug

Answer 43

Coin venerating 'divine Augustus' - sestertius (34AD) Tac 1.78 - permission to build a temple to Augustus in Spain 'precedent set for all the provinces (AD 15) 4.36 Cyzicus 'were charged with neglecting the cult of the deified Augustus...violence to Romans...forfeited their freedom' (disagreement with CD 57.24 'imprisoned some Romans...not completed shrine to Augusts')

Question 44

Tiberius Foreign cults

Answer 44

CD 2.85 'banished most' of the Jews' as 'converting many of the natives' Josephus 18.3 'Jews banished out of the city by the wickedness of four men' (as converted one noblewoman)