Activities Flashcards by Scarlett Enright

First rib - can this rib be palpated?

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Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) - which bone does the clavicle articulate with here?

Sternum

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Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) - what type of joint is this?

Plane joint

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Spine of the scapula - which muscles attach here?

Deltoid - originates
Trapezius - inserts

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Supraspinous and infraspinous fossae - which muscles are located here?

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

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Subscapular fossa - which muscle is located here?

Subscapularis

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Corocoid process - which muscles attach here?

Small head of bicep brachii - originates
Coracobrachialis - originates
Pectoralis minor - inserts

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Head of humerus- which part of the scapula does it articular with?

Glenoid fossa

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Anatomical and surgical neck of humerus - whatʼs the difference between the two?

Anatomical neck is area below head of humerus
Surgical neck is most commonly fractured point of humerus

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Bicipital groove - what passes through here?

Long tendon of biceps brachii

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Which muscle is responsible for protraction of the scapula?
○ Which nerve supplies it?

Pectoralis minor (medial pectoral nerve) and serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve)

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Which muscles are responsible for retraction of the scapula?

Rhomboid major and minor
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius

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What are the functions of trapezius?

elevation of the scapula and rotation of scapula during abduction of humerus beyond 90 degrees

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Which nerve supplies trapezius? How could we test the function of this nerve?

Accessory nerve
Shrug shoulders

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Identify the location of latissimus dorsi on the skeleton, where does its tendon insert on the humerus? What does this tell you about its function?
○ What exercises can you think of that will develop latissimus dorsi?

Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

adduction, extension and medial rotation at the shoulder joint
-swimming

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What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

Ball and socket joint

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What features contribute to the stability and mobility of the shoulder joint?

Rotator cuff
Ligaments
Tendons of biceps brachii
Glenoid labrum

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Which movements does deltoid contribute to? Which nerve supplies it?

Abduction after first 15 degrees, flexion and medial rotation (anterior fibres), abduction (middle fibres), extension and lateral rotation (posterior fibres) at the shoulder joint
Axillary nerve

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What is the name of the arrangement of muscle fibres in the deltoid?

Unipennate

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Which bones of the pectoral girdle does deltoid originate from?

Lateral 1/3 Clavicle
Scapula spine to acromion

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Which muscles form the rotator cuff

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

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Where does supraspinatus muscle originate from?

Supraspinous fossa

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Under which structure does supraspinatus tendon pass?

Acromion process

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What is supraspinatus function

Abduction at shoulder joint for first 15 degrees

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Infraspinatus ○ What is its function?

External rotation of shoulder

Teres Minor ○ What is its function?

External rotation of shoulder

Subscapularis ○ Where does this muscle originate from and insert onto? ○ What is its function

Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle Internal rotation

Which structures form axilla anterior and posterior walls?

Anterior = pectoralis major and minor Posterior = Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi

Which muscle is present on its medial wall?

Serratus anterior

Which artery and vein are located in the axilla?

Axillary artery and vein

What is the name of the group of nerves located in the axilla?

Brachial plexus

Surgery in this region could damage some of the nerves, what might be the consequence of damage to the long thoracic nerve

Winged scapula- anterior border of scapula lifts off the thoracic wall and scapula appears to stick out

Surgery in this region could damage some of the nerves, what might be the consequence of damage to the thoracodorsal nerve?

Paralysis of latissimus dorsi

Which 3 muscles are located in the anterior arm?

Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis

What are the origins of the heads of biceps brachii?

Long head - supraglenoid head Short head - coracoid process

Which bony structure of the humerus does the long head travel through?

Capsule of the shoulder joint

Where does biceps brachii insert in the forearm?

Radial tuberosity of the radius

What are the functions of this muscle?

Flexion of elbow and shoulder Supination of forearm

Which nerve supplies biceps brachii?

Musculocutaneous

Brachialis ○ Where is this muscle located on the arm? Which muscle is immediately superficial to it?

Deep to biceps brachii

What are the functions of brachialis?

Flexor of elbow joint

Coracobrachialis ○ Which nerve supplies this muscle?

Musculocutaneous

Coracobrachialis ○ Based on its name, can you work out its origin?

Coracoid process of scapula

Triceps Brachii ○ Which nerve travels between the medial and lateral heads?

Radial nerve

Where does triceps brachii insert in the forearm? What is the name of this process?

Olecranon of ulna

What are the functions of triceps brachii?

Extension of shoulder and elbow joint

Which nerve supplies triceps brachii

Radial nerve

In what region of the body is the brachial plexus located?

Axilla

Which spinal nerve roots contribute to the brachial plexus?

C5-T1

Which nerve roots contribute to the long thoracic nerve?

C5-C7

What are the names of the parts of the brachial plexus from roots to branches?

Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches

The cords are named lateral, posterior and medial, but what structure are they named in relation to?

Relative to the position around the second part of the Axillary artery

Where does the thoracodorsal nerve branch from?

Posterior cord

What are the 5 main terminal branches of the brachial plexus

Musculocutaneous Axillary Median Radial Ulnar

Contributing roots to the Musculocutaneous nerve

C5-C7

Contributing roots to the Axillary nerve

C5-C6

Contributing roots to the median nerve

C6-T1

Contributing roots to the radial nerve

C5-T1

Contributing roots to the ulnar nerve

C8-T1

Contributing cord to the Musculocutaneous nerve

Lateral

Contributing cord to the Axillary nerve

Posterior

Contributing cord to the median nerve

Medial and lateral

Contributing cord to the radial nerve

Posterior

Contributing cord to the ulnar nerve

Medial

Motor functions of the Musculocutaneous nerve

3 muscles of anterior arm compartment

Motor functions of the Axillary nerve

Deltoid Teres minor Small region of skin on upper arm

Motor functions of the median nerve

Most anterior forearm Some hand muscles

Motor functions of the radial nerve

Triceps brachii Muscles in posterior compartment of forearm Regions of skin over arm, forearm and wrist

Motor functions of the ulnar nerve

Some anterior forearm muscles Most hand muscles

Which nerve is particularly at risk of injury during anterior dislocation of the shoulder?

Axillary nerve

Which nerve is at risk of damage after a midshaft humeral fracture?

Radial

Radial head - which part of the humerus does the head articulate with?

Capitellum

Radial neck - which structure holds this in position?

Lateral collateral ligmanfe

Radial tuberosity - what attaches here?

Common tendon of biceps brachii

Coronoid process of ulna - where does this fit when you flex your elbow fully?

Coronoid fossa of humerus

Trochlear notch of ulna - which part of the humerus does this articular with?

Trochlea

The ʻtrueʼ elbow joint - which bones articulate here and what movements can occur?

Humerus, radius and ulna Flexion and extension

The elbow joint is considered very stable. What factors contribute to this?

Joint capsule Collateral ligmants

The radioulnar joints - which movements occur here? Which bone moves and which remains still during these movements?

Pronation and supination Radius moves, ulna stays till

Which muscles are the primary flexors and extensors of the elbow joint?

Flexors = biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis Extensors = triceps

Which muscles are the primary pronators and supinators?

Pronator = Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus Supinator = Supinator, biceps brachii

All 8 of the carpal bones - can you name them all?

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium

Which bones form the wrist joint? What type of synovial joints are between them?

Radius Scaphoid and lunate Condyloid

What is the clinical significance of the blood supply to the scaphoid?

branches of the radial artery. The dorsal branch of the radial artery, which supplies 80% of the blood, enters in the distal pole and travels in a retrograde fashion towards the proximal pole. Consequently, fractures can compromise the blood supply, leading to avascular necrosis (AVN) and subsequent degenerative wrist disease. The more proximal the scaphoid fracture, the higher the risk of AVN.

Which muscles form the lateral and medial borders of cubital fossa

Lateral = Brachioradialis Medial = Pronator teres

Which line forms the ʻbaseʼ of cubital fossa?

Imaginary line between the 2 epicondyles of the humerus

Which nerves, arteries and veins are found within cubital fossa?

Cephalic vein, Basilic vein, median cubital vein Brachial artery Radial and median nerves Biceps tendon

Which tendons pass through carpal tunnel

Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus

Carpal tunnel Which structure forms its ʻroofʼ and which structures form its ʻfloorʼ?

Roof = flexor retinaculum Floor = carpal bones

Which nerve passes through carpal tunnel

Median nerve

How many layers are in the anterior forearm? How many muscles in each layer?

3 - superficial, middle and deep 4,1,3

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.

Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer. ○ What is the name of the location from which they all originate?

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer. ○ What is the function of each of these muscles?

Pronation = Pronator teres Others = Flexion of wrist

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer. ○ Which nerve supplies each of these muscles?

Median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris which is ulnar nerve

Name and identify the muscle of the intermediate layer. ○ What is its function? Which nerve supplies it?

Flexor digitorum superficialis - Flexion of digits 2-5 - median nerve

Name and identify the muscles of the deep layer. ○ What are the functions of these muscles? ○ What is the nerve supply of each of these muscles?

Flexor digitorum profundus- Flexion of digits 2-5. Lateral half =Median nerve, medial half = ulnar nerve Flexor pollicis longus- Flexion of thumb, median nerve Pronator quadratus- pronation, median nerve

How many layers are in the posterior forearm? How many muscles in each layer?

2 - superficial and deep 7, 5

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer.

Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Anconeus Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi

Name and identify the muscles of the superficial layer. ○ What is the name of the location from which they all originate? ○ What is the function of each of these muscles? ○ Which nerve supplies each of these muscles?

Lateral epicondyle of humerus Extension of wrist Radial nerve

Name and identify the muscles of the deep layer. ○ What are the functions of these muscles? ○ What is the nerve supply of each of these muscles?

Supinator Extensor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis

The radiocarpal (ʻwristʼ) joint - which carpal bones are involved in this joint?

Radius Scaphoid Lunate

Middle phalanges - which digit doesnʼt include this bone?

Thumb

What names are used to name the individual digits to avoid confusion in clinical practice?

Thumb Index Middle Ring Little

Carpometacarpal joints (CMCJs) ○ Which type of synovial joint is the first (thumb) CMCJ? ○ Which movements are possible at the first CMCJ?

Saddle Flexion, extension, Adduction, abduction, opposition

Metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJs) ○ What is the laypersonʼs term for this joint? ○ Which type of synovial joint are the MCPJs? ○ Which movements are possible here?

Knuckles Condyloid Flexion, extension, Adduction, abduction

Interphalangeal joints (IPJs) ○ Which type of synovial joint are the IPJs? ○ Which bones are separated by the PIPJ and the DIPJ? ○ Which digit only has one IPJ? ○ Which movements are possible at these joints?

Hinge Proximal and middle then middle and distal Thumb Flexion and extension

How is the plane of movement different in thumb flexion and extension compared to finger flexion?

Thumb - coronal plane Fingers - saggital plane

Which other movements combine to create opposition?

Abduction

Recall the five main terminal branches of the brachial plexus.

Musculocutaneous Axillary Median Radial Ulnar

Which spinal nerves carry sensory information from the skin of the upper limb?

C4-T1

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their axillary nerve aer a dislocation of their shoulder, which area of skin would be affected?

Area over shoulder

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their spinal cord at the level of C7, which areas of skin would be affected? ○ Which of the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus would be affected?

Middle finger - Musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their spinal cord at the level of T1, which areas of skin would be affected? ○ Which of the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus would be affected?

Medial side of forearm - ulnar, median, radial

Which forearm muscles are responsible for wrist flexion (3)? ○ Which nerve supplies these muscles

Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus - median nerve/ ulnar nerve

Which forearm muscles are responsible for finger flexion (2) and thumb flexion (1)? - demonstrate this yourself. ○ Where do each of these muscles insert onto the phalanges of the digits? ○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?

Flexor digitorum superficialis - median - middle phalanx Flexor digitorum profundus - lateral half = median , medial half = ulnar - distal phalanx Flexor pollicis longus- median - distal phalanx

Which muscle is the only one capable of flexion of the DIPJ of the fingers?

Flexor digitorum profundus

Which muscle is the only one capable of flexion of the DIPJ of the thumb?

Flexor pollicis longus

Which forearm muscles are responsible for wrist extension (3)? ○ Which nerve supplies these muscles?

Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris - radial nerve

Which forearm muscles are responsible for finger extension? ○ Which nerve supplies these muscles? ○ Where do each of these muscles insert onto the phalanges of the digits?

Extensor digitorum Extensor digit minimi Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus - radial nerve - extensor expansion

Which digits have more than one extensor muscle acting on them?

Index finger Little finger

Which forearm muscles contribute to the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

Extensor pollicis longus- medial Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus - lateral

Anatomical snuffbox- ● Which vein and nerve travel over the surface? ● Which artery is palpable within it? ● Which bone forms the floor?

Cephalic vein Radial nerve Radial artery Scaphoid

How many muscles are located within the thenar eminence? ○ What is the name and function of each muscle? ○ What is the nerve supply to these muscles?

3 Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Recurrent branch of median nerve

How many muscles are located within the hypothenar eminence? ○ What is the name and function of each muscle? ○ What is the nerve supply to these muscles?

3 Flexor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi Deep branch of ulnar nerve

How many lumbricals are there in the hand?

What is the function of the lumbricals?

Flex the MCP joint Extend the IP joint

What is the nerve supply of the lumbricals?

Lateral 2 - median nerve Medial 2 - ulnar nerve

How many palmar interossei are there in the hand?

What is the function of the palmar interossei?

Adduct the fingers

What is the nerve supply of the palmar interossei?

Ulnar nerve

How many dorsal interossei are there in the hand?

What is the function of the dorsal interossei?

Abduction

What is the nerve supply of the dorsal interossei?

Ulnar nerve

Which nerve is affected by a fracture to neck of humerus

Axillary

Which nerve is affected by fracture to mid shaft humerus

Radial

Which nerve is affected by fracture to elbow

Ulnar

Acetabulum - which bone articulates with the pelvis here?

Femur

Obturator foramen - which nerve passes through this foramen?

Obturator nerve

Iliac crest - what is the name of the line between the two iliac crests?

Intercristal line at L4

○ Greater and lesser sciatic foramina ■ Which large nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen?

Sciatic nerve

Femoral head - what is the name of the socket which it fits into? What attaches to the small depression in the centre of the femoral head?

Acetabulum - ligament of the head of the femur

Femoral neck - what is the significance of the blood supply around the femoral neck and head in neck-of-femur (NOF) fractures?

Damage to the artery to the Ligamentum teres and lateral and medial femoral circumflex arteries will cause a vascular necrosis of the head of the femur

Which muscles insert onto the lesser trochanter?

Iliacus Psoas major

What type of synovial joint is the hip joint?

Ball and socket

What features of the hip joint provide it with good stability?

Ligaments - iliofemoral , pubofemoral and ischiofemoral Acetabulum labrum deepens the joint ensuring a tight fit

Which muscles in the torso and pelvis are the primary hip flexors?

Iliacus Psoas makor

● What are the names of the three hip ligaments? What do they attach to?

Iliofemoral - ilium Pubofemoral - pubic Ischiofemoral - ischium

Which bones articulate at the knee joint? What are the names of the bony processes of these bones that are part of the knee joint?

Femur - femoral condyles Tibia - tibial condyles at the tibial plateau

What type of synovial joint is the knee joint?

Hinge

How does the knee lock in place in full extension? What is the purpose of this and how is it ʻunlockedʼ?

Femur rotates a very small amount as the knee reaches full extension Unlocked by popliteal muscle

Which groups of muscles are responsible for flexion and extension of the knee?

Anterior and posterior thigh miscles

What is the name and role of the large pieces of cartilage within the knee joint? ○ Which one is more firmly tethered and less mobile? What is the clinical significance of this?

Medial and lateral menisci - deepen the tibial condyles in order to improve the fit at the knee joint Medial is more firmly tethered as it is attached to the medial collateral ligament making it more prone to injury if the knee is twisted

What are the main 4 ligaments that support the knee joint? What movements are they responsible for preventing?

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments - lateral movement of the knee Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

How is the shape of the patella and femur adapted to prevent dislocation? Which muscle assists further with preventing dislocation?

The distal fibres of the Vastus medialis are arranged horizontally to prevent lateral movement of the patella The patellofemoral joint has a larger ridge laterally to prevent lateral dislocation

What is the primary artery that supplies the anterior thigh? ○ Where could we access this artery for vascular procedures?

Femoral artery - femoral triangle

What is the primary artery that supplies the medial thigh?

Obturator arteyr

What are the primary arteries that supply the gluteal region?

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

How does the posterior thigh receive its blood supply?

Profunda femoris - branch of femoral artery

what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

When it transverses the adductor hiatus

Which nerves supply the gluteus muscles

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves - branch of sacral plexus

Which nerve roots contribute to the femoral nerve? ○ What is the name of the sensory branch of this nerve, and which area of skin does it supply? ○ Where could we access the femoral nerve to provide regional anaesthesia if required?

L2-L4 Saphenous nerve- skin over the thigh Femoral triangle

Which nerve roots contribute to the obturator nerve?

L2-L4

Which nerve roots contribute to the sciatic nerve? This nerve is really just made up of two large nerves stuck together, what are the names of these two nerves?

L4-S3 common fibular nerve and tibial nerve

How many muscles are located in the anterior thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?

7 Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Rectus femoris Sartorius Pectineus Iliopsoas

Anterior thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles?

Extension of the knee

What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

Femoral nerve

Anterior thigh - Four of the muscles have a common insertion. What is the name of this group of muscles? ○ What bone do these muscles insert onto? ○ One of these muscles also acts on the hip. Which muscle is this, and what is its action on the hip joint?

Quadriceps femoris - tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament - rectus femoris - Flexion of hip

One of the muscles, sartorius, is very long and thin. Identify it. ○ What is its origin? What are its 3 functions?

ASIS Flex and externally rotate hip Flex knee

psoas major and iliacus in the previous block of study. Identify them on the model. What is their insertion point on the femur?

Lesser trochanter

How many muscles are located in the medial thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?

Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis Obturator externus

Medial thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles?

Adduction of the hip

Medial thigh - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles? Which muscle has dual innervation? ○ What is the name of the gap between the two parts of this muscle? ○ What passes through this gap?

Obturator nerve Adductor Magnus- adductor part = Obturator hamstring part = tibial nerve of sciatic nerve Adductor hiatus- femoral artery and vein

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

Medial = adductor longus Lateral - sartorius Roof = inguinal ligament Floor= Iliopsoas and Pectineus

What are the contents of the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial?

Femoral nerve, artery, vein , lymphatic

Which superficial vein drains into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?

Great saphenous vein

How many muscles are located in the gluteal region? ○ Can you name all of them?

Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus Gluteus medius Tensor fascia latae Obturator internus Piriformis Superior and inferior gemelli Quadratus femoris

largest muscle in the body is located here, the gluteus maximus. ○ What are the functions of this muscle?

Extensor of the hip

There are two other gluteus muscles deep to it. What are their names? ○ What is the function of these two muscles?

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus - abduct and internally rotate hip

What is the collective function of the 5 smaller and deeper muscles in this region?

Stabilise and laterally rotate the hip

Which large nerve passes over the surface of piriformis?

Sciatic

How many muscles are located in the posterior thigh? ○ Can you name all of them?

Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Hamstring part of adductor Magnus

Posterior thigh - What is the collective function of all of these muscles, on both the hip and knee?

Extend hip Flex knee

Posterior thigh - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

Common fibular nerve of sciatic nerve

Posterior thigh - What is the origin of all of these muscles?

Ischial tuberosity

Tibia: ○ Condyles and plateaus - which other bone is the plateau in contact with?

Femur

Tibial tuberosity - which structure attaches to this tuberosity?

Patellar tendon (common tendon of quadriceps femoris muscles)

Soleal line - which muscle attaches to this part of the tibia?

Soleus

Head and neck - Which nerve runs close to this part of the fibula and is vulnerable to injury here?

Common fibular nervr

Talus - which parts of the talus contribute to the ankle joint?

Trochlea of the talus (curved dome)

Navicular - which other tarsal bones does the navicular articulate with?

Talus Cuboid 3 cuneiform bones

Cuboid and cuneiform bones ○ Which type of synovial joints separate the tarsal bones?

Plane

Metatarsals and Phalanges - how many phalanges are there for each toe?

Which bones of the foot are in contact with the ground when standing?

Calcaneus Metatarsals and phalanges

Do you know the name of the joint condition that commonly affects the 1st MTPJ? It causes swelling and pain in the joint as crystals are deposited in the synovium.

Gout

What type of synovial joint is the ankle joint?

Hinge

What features of the ankle joint provide it with stability?

Medial and lateral ligaments Medial and lateral malleolus form a mortise for the talus

ʻAnkle sprainsʼ are common. What is the most common excessive movement that occurs in this region that leads to an ankle sprain? ○ Which ligament do you think is most commonly sprained?

Inversion of the foot Damage to lateral ligaments

Which bones are classically fractured in an ʻankle fractureʼ?

Lateral and medial malleolus

How many muscles are located in the anterior compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?

Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius

Anterior compartment of leg - What are the functions of these muscles?

Dorsiflexion Extension of toes

Anterior leg compartment - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

Deep fibular nerve

How many muscles are located in the lateral compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?

Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis

Lateral leg - What are the functions of these muscles?

Eversion

Lateral leg - What is the nerve supply to these muscles?

Superficial fibular nerve

Lateral leg - Which bony structure do both of the tendons of these muscles pass behind to reach the foot?

Lateral malleolus

The tendon of fibularis brevis may be stretched during forced inversion of the foot. This may lead to an avulsion fracture of where it inserts. What is the insertion point of this muscle?

5th metatarsal

Superficial compartment: ● How many muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?

Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris

Superficial posterior leg - What is the function of these muscles?

Plantarflexion

Superficial posterior leg - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

Tibial nerve

Which bony structure do all of the tendons of these superficial posterior muscles insert onto? What is the name of their common tendon?

Calcaneus Achilles tendom

Other than its function of moving the foot, what other important role does Plantaris play in the leg?

Flexion of knee

Deep compartment: ● How many muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg? ○ Can you name all of them?

Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Popliteus

Deep posterior leg - What are the functions of these muscles?

Plantarflexion Flexion of toes Popliteus - Lateral rotation of the femur relative to the tibia

Deep posterior leg - What is the nerve supply to all of these muscles?

Tibial nerebe

Deep posterior leg - Which bony structure do the tendons of these muscles pass behind to reach the foot? What is the name of the tunnel through which they pass?

Medial malleolus Tarsal tunnel

Describe the role of popliteus in relation to the knee joint.

Lateral rotation of femur to allow Flexion of knee

What is the name of the muscle on the dorsum of the foot that inserts onto the tendons of extensor digitorum?

Extensor digitorum brevis

How many layers of muscles are there in the sole of the foot?

Which nerves innervate the muscles of the sole of the foot?

Medial and lateral plantar nerves- branch of tibial nerve

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

Superior- Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, biceps femoris Inferior - 2 heads of gastrocnemius

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa, from lateral to medial?

Popliteal artery and vein Tibial nerve Common fibular nerve

Which superficial vein drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa?

Great saphenous vein

Point to the region of the tarsal tunnel on yourself. ● Which tendons pass through it?

Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior

Tarsal tunnel- Which structure forms its ʻroofʼ, and which two bones does it connect?

Flexor retinaculum - medial malleolus and calcaneus

Tarsal tunnel - Which nerve, artery and vein pass through it?

Tibial nerve Posterior tibial artery and vein

Where is the dorsalis pedis artery located? What landmarks can you use to find it?

palpable over the dorsum of the foot, just lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus, between the first and second metatarsals

venous drainage of the lower limb from foot to the heart. ○ What are the names of the two main superficial veins? ○ Which one is located anterior to the medial malleolus? ○ Which one is often used as a graft for coronary arteries?

Great and small saphenous veins - great saphenous vein - great saphenous vein

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their common fibular nerve after a fracture of the proximal fibula, which areas of skin would be affected?

Lateral leg and dorsum of foot

If a patient were to sustain an injury to their sciatic nerve aer a penetrating injury to their gluteal region, which areas of skin would be affected?

Lateral leg and entire foot