Bones And Joints Of The Distal Lower Limb

Question 1

2 bones of the leg

Answer 1

Tibia
Fibula

Question 2

What do the tibia and fibula articulate with distally

Answer 2

Talus at the ankle joint

Question 3

How are the tibia and fibula connected

Answer 3

2 joints and a strong interosseous membrane

Question 4

Shape of tibia

Answer 4

Thick and strong bone

Question 5

Proximal part of tibia

Answer 5

Medial and lateral tibial condyles- superior surfaces are flattened to form plateaus

Question 6

Intercondylar tubercles

Answer 6

Prominent ridges between the tibial plateaus

Question 7

Which bones articulate to form the knee joint

Answer 7

Medial and lateral tibial plateaus with femoral condyles

Question 8

Tibial tuberosity

Answer 8

Projects from upper anterior surface of tibia
Patellar ligament inserts here

Question 9

Soleal line

Answer 9

Oblique ridge in posterior surface of the tibia

Question 10

Medial malleolus

Answer 10

Projects medially from the distal end of the tibia and forms part of the socket for the talus

Question 11

Shape of fibula

Answer 11

Slender bone

Question 12

Where does the common fibular bone run close to

Answer 12

Neck of fibula

Question 13

Lateral malleolus

Answer 13

Projects from the distal end of the fibula and forms part of the socket for the talus

Question 14

Function of small joints in foot

Answer 14

Allow it to deform and absorb shock when walking over uneven ground

Question 15

Function of the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

Answer 15

Allow shock absorption

Question 16

Tarsal bones

Answer 16

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms

Question 17

Which tarsal bones form the hindfoot

Answer 17

Talus and calcaneus

Question 18

Which tarsal bones form the midfoot

Answer 18

Medial/lateral/intermediate cuneiforms
Navicular
Cuboid

Question 19

Meaning of calcaneus

Answer 19

Chalk - dense white shape and appearance

Question 20

Meaning of navicular

Answer 20

Boat-shaped

Question 21

Meaning of cuneiform

Answer 21

Wedge-shaped

Question 22

Which bones comprise the forefoot

Answer 22

Metatarsal and phalanges

Question 23

Number of phalanges in toes 2-5

Answer 23

3

Question 24

Number of phalanges in toe 1 (great toe)

Answer 24

2

Question 25

Number of metatarsals

Answer 25

5 1 - 5 medial to lateral

Question 26

Joints between metatarsal and proximal phalanges

Answer 26

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 27

Joints between phalanges

Answer 27

Interphalangeal

Question 28

Movements in the toes

Answer 28

Flexion Extension Abduction and Adduction

Question 29

Why is Flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint important

Answer 29

Pushing the foot off the ground and forward propulsion during walking and running

Question 30

What type of joint is the ankle joint

Answer 30

Synovial hinge joint

Question 31

Ankle mortise

Answer 31

Socket formed by the tibia and fibula for the talus

Question 32

What ligaments support the ankle joint

Answer 32

Medial and lateral ligaments

Question 33

Movements of the ankle joint

Answer 33

Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion

Question 34

Dorsiflexion

Answer 34

Bringing the toes closer to the shin

Question 35

Plantarflexion

Answer 35

Pointing the toes

Question 36

Number of lateral ligaments of the ankle

Answer 36

3

Question 37

What do the lateral ligaments of the ankle attach to

Answer 37

Lateral malleolus

Question 38

What do the medial ligaments of the ankle attach to

Answer 38

Medial malleolus

Question 39

Subtalar joint

Answer 39

Articulation of talus with the calcaneus and navicular

Question 40

Movements of the subtalar joint

Answer 40

Inversion Eversiomn

Question 41

Inversion

Answer 41

Bring sole of the foot medially

Question 42

Eversion

Answer 42

Raises the lateral border of the foot Brings sole of the foot laterally

Question 43

Tibial fracture

Answer 43

High energy forces are required to fracture a healthy tibia. When the tibia fractures, the broken ends of the bone may break through the skin because there is little subcutaneous tissue between the anterior surface of the tibia and skin. If a there is broken skin overlying a fracture, or the bone penetrates out through the skin, it is called an ‘open’ or ‘compound’ fracture. Open fractures must be managed carefully to prevent infection from entering the exposed bone and ensuring the skin heals over the surface.

Question 44

Intra-osseous vascular access

Answer 44

In critical emergency situations, where vascular access is required immediately to provide lifesaving treatment directly into the bloodstream, and there is difficulty or delay in accessing peripheral veins, vascular access can be gained through the bone. The flat antero-medial part of the proximal tibia is a common site for IO access. A small handheld drill is used to ‘drill’ a cannula into the bone, and into the medullary cavity, providing a route to give treatment.

Question 45

Ankle sprain

Answer 45

Ankle sprains are very common and almost always result from a forced inversion of the foot. Forced inversion stretches and tears the lateral ligament of the ankle, resulting in pain and swelling over the lateral aspect of the ankle and foot.

Question 46

Ankle fracture

Answer 46

An ankle fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral and/or medial malleolus. Small lateral malleolus fractures, depending on their exact location, may be treated conservatively (without surgery). However, medial malleolus fractures and more proximal lateral malleolus fractures, or fractures with a dislocation of the ankle joint will require surgical fixation.

Question 47

1. What complications can arise from an open fracture of the tibial shaft?

Answer 47

Infection of the bone- osteomyelitis Poor wound healing as there is little subcutaneous tissue anterior to the tibial shaft

Question 48

2. What movements take place at the ankle joint?

Answer 48

Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion

Question 49

3. What movements occur at the subtalar joint?

Answer 49

Inversion Eversion

Question 50

4. What type of injuries sprain the medial and lateral ankle ligaments?

Answer 50

Medial = eversion Lateral = inversion

Question 51

5. Which tarsal bone is in contact with the ground when standing?

Answer 51

Calcaneus

Question 52

6. What is the name of the flattened surface of the proximal tibia?

Answer 52

Medial and lateral plateaus