AD lab practical 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Annelida characteristics
A
metamerism; Complete mouth-to-anus digestive tract w muscular walls; High degree of cephalization
2
Q
what type of circulatory system do annelids have?
A
closed
3
Q
what is metamerism?
A
segmentation
4
Q
what classes are in annelida?
A
Errantia and Sedentaria
5
Q
what animals are in class Errantia?
A
motile polychaetes
6
Q
what animals are in Class Sedentaria?
A
sedentary polychaetes, earthworms, leeches
7
Q
where does Class Errantia live?
A
marine - mud and debris of shallow water, mucus lined burrows
8
Q
Class Errantia characteristics
A
similar to basal ancestral annelid; move thru undulating movements; have parapodia, setae, specialized head in 2 parts
9
Q
what are the names of the specialized head in Errantia? (2)
A
peristominum and prostomium
10
Q
what are parapodia?
A
bristle bearing appendages for movement and respiration
11
Q
what are setae?
A
bristles
12
Q
what is peristomium?
A
bears pharynx (jaws, mouth) and sensory tentacles
13
Q
what is prostomium?
A
bears sensory structures for touch, taste, vision
14
Q
Class Sedentaria morphology characteristics
A
contain Clitellata which are Lumbricidae (earthworms) and Hirundinidae (leeches)
15
Q
what animals are in Class Sedentaria?
A
feather duster and Xmas tree worms
16
Q
Class Sedentaria characteristics
A
parapodia for feeding; burrowing or tube dwelling
17
Q
Chaetopteridae characteristics
A
Secretes U-shaped parchment tube that it filters water thru w its parapodia
18
Q
what animals are in Chaetopteridae?
A
parchment worm
19
Q
Clitellata - family Lumbricidae characteristics
A
clitellum; 1st 4 segments make up head; monoecious
20
Q
Clitellata - family Lumbricidae segment characteristics
A
1st segment = peristomium bears mouth; Prostomium -overhangs peristomium, no specialized sensory structures (atypical of annelids)
21
Q
Clitellata - Family Hirudinidae characteristics
A
predacious fluid feeders; free-living or ectoparasitic; 2 suckers for movement and host adhesion; each segment divided into 1-5 parts
22
Q
Platyhelminthes characteristics
A
bilateral, protostomes, triploblastic, monoecious, organized nervous system w cephalization; complex excretory system; parenchyma fills mesodermal space
23
Q
what happens in excretory system of Platyhelminthes?
A
flame cells and tubules for waste removal; acoelomates
24
Q
what is parenchyma?
A
muscle fibers and loose tissues
25
class Turbellaria, planarian characteristics
free-living, FW; auricles, 2 ocelli, muscular pharynx; move w cilia and secrete mucus path
26
class Turbellaria, planarian digestive tract characteristics
GVC w no anus, waste out thru mouth; triclad intestines for full body food distribution
27
what are triclad intestines?
1 anterior and 2 posterior trunks
28
class Turbellaria, planarian excretion and osmoregulation characteristics
has excretory canals and protonephridia
29
what are protonephridia?
flagellated flame cells at pores on sides of body, excrete waste
30
class Turbellaria, planarian nervous system characteristics
ladder shaped - 2 nerve cords w transverse nerves acting as rungs between nerve cords; ocelli
31
Class Trematoda: Flukes characteristics
tegument, syncytium, acetabulum; monoecious; body for reproduction
32
what is a tegument?
body covering w 2 suckers
33
what is a syncytium?
cytoplasmic mass w many nuclei
34
what is an acetabulum?
ventral sucker
35
Class Trematoda: Human Blood Fluke characteristics
dioecious; female live in gynecophoric canal in male; responsible for schistosomiasis (snail fever)
36
Class Cestoda: Tapeworm characteristics
no digestive tract or circulatory system; have proglottids which form strobila; scolex is oldest and produces proglottids; multiple host lifecycle
37
How do tape worms absorb nutrients and oxygen in their body?
thru syncytium
38
Class Cestoda: Tapeworm anatomy
body is mainly reproductive male and female organs; self fertilizing
39
Class Cestoda: Tapeworm anatomy - proglittid types
gravid, mature, immature
40
what are gravid proglottids?
reproductive area, largest
41
what are mature proglottids?
ready for reproduction, medium sized
42
what are immature proglottids?
not ready for reproduction, smallest
43
Phylum Arthropoda Characteristics
jointed appendages; waxy chitinous exoskeleton; segmented body divided into tagmata; true coelom, cephalization, bilateral
44
what animals are in Subphylum Chelicerata?
horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, scorpions, spiders, ticks
45
Subphylum Chelicerata characteristics
no mandibles, 2 tagmata (cephalothorax, abdomen); 1st pair of appendages modified into chelicerae; 2nd pair are pedipalps
46
Subphylum Chelicerata - Class Merostomata characteristics
blood has amoebocytes that help screen vaccines and IV fluids for contaminants
47
what animals are Subphylum Chelicerata - Class Merostomata?
horseshoe crabs
48
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida - characteristics
carnivorous; terrestrial marine FW, segments fused into cephalothorax, head w paired chelicerae and pedipalps, 4 pairs of legs, respire w book lungs
49
what are Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida?
spiders, scorpions, allies
50
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida: Order Araneae characteristics
cephalothorax and abdomen joined by pedicel, 6 - 8 eyes; fang on end of chelicerae, pedipalps modified for sperm transfer, leg sections, spinnerets
51
Order Opiliones - harvestmen characteristics
No webs, silk, venom; 2 eyes, broad connection between cephalothorax and abdomen, not true spiders
52
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida characteristics
ectoparasites; cause Lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, red meat allergy; distribution limited by climate
53
where do Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida live?
in wooded areas and bushes
54
what are Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida: Order Ixodida?
ticks
55
what are Chelicerate: class Pcynogonida?
sea spiders
56
Chelicerate: class Pcynogonida characteristics
marine, can have large legs, polar gigantism, several eyes, long proboscis for feeding
57
Subphylum Crustacea Characteristics
gill breathing, 2 pairs of antennae and maxillae on head; body tagmata are cephalothorax and abdomen
58
Subphylum Crustacea: Class Malacostraca: Order Decapoda - Characteristics
FW omnivores, 1st pair of legs into chelipeds; limbs ex of serial homology
59
what are chelipeds?
limbs bearing large claws
60
what is serial homology?
evolution of series of structures all homologous to each other but modified for different purposes
61
Subphylum Crustacea: Class Malacostraca: Order Decapoda - Cambarus Characteristics
limbs started as walking legs, but diff regions modified for diff functions; swimmerets, chelipeds, maxillae
62
Class Malacostraca Order Isopoda characteristics
Marine, FW, brackish; Includes pill bugs
63
Class Branchiopoda Order Anostraca (Branchinecta)
fairy shrimp; have 11 appendages and swim
“upside-down”
64
Class Branchiopoda Order Diplostraca (Daphnia):
water fleas, FW
65
Class Copepoda - Copepods (Cyclops):
FW, brackish
66
Class Ostracoda - Ostracods (Cypris):
Bears transparent bivalved carapace resembling tiny clams (convergent evolution)
67
Class Thecostraca (Cirripedia) Barnacles (Lepas):
sessile filter feeders, look like mollusks
68
crustacean development - brine shrimp: Nauplius characteristics
Median ocellus, 3 pairs of appendages, unsegmented trunk
69
crustacean development - brine shrimp: Metanauplius characteristics
1st and 2nd maxillae present; some thoracic segmentation
70
crustacean development - brine shrimp: Protozoea characteristics
7 pairs of appendages present (2 pairs of maxillipeds); compound eyes begin development
71
crustacean development - brine shrimp: Zoea characteristics
3rd pair of maxillipeds present; compound eye development complete; several thoracic segment
72
crustacean development - brine shrimp: Mysis characteristics
Most/all 19 adult body segments present; 11 pairs of appendages; digestive tract visible in transparent form
73
Subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta characteristics
3 pairs of walking legs, 3 tagmata (head thorax, abdomen), respiratory system of tracheal tubes, 1/2 sets of wings; most abundant species
74
ORDER COLEOPTERA – TRUE BEETLES characteristics
forewings modified into hardened elytra, hard exoskeleton, holometabolous, most species rich insect
75
ORDER DIPTERA – THE TRUE FLIES characteristics
Diptera = “two wings”; 1 pair of wings - hindwings reduced to structures called halteres, provide midair maneuverability; holometabolous
76
what insects are in order Diptera?
Flies, midges, and mosquitos
77
ORDER HEMIPTERA – TRUE BUGS characteristics
mouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking = rostrum; triangular structure called scutellum visible on back (not covered by wings); Hemimetabolous
78
ORDER HYMENOPTERA characteristics
large colonies w single breeding queen; 2 pairs of wings when present; holometabolous
79
what insects are in Order Hymendoptera?
ants, bees, wasps
80
what insects are in Order Lepidoptera?
butterflies, moths, skippers
81
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA characteristics
functional wings covered w small scales; mouthparts comprised of coiled tube; holometabolous
82
what insects are in Order Odonata?
damselflies, dragonflies
83
ORDER ODONATA characteristics
carnivorous, short antennae, aquatic larvae, long and slender abdomen, hemimetabolous - incomplete metamorphosis
84
what insects are in Order Orthoptera?
grasshoppers, locusts, crickets
85
ORDER ORTHOPTERA characteristics
winged herbivores, hemimetabolous - incomplete metamorphosis; complex head/mouthpart system
86
complex head/mouthpart system of Orthoptera
compound eyes and 3 ocelli, mouthparts made of multiple appendages, mandibles, maxillae, labium, labrum
87
what are mandibles?
toothlike structures for chewing
88
what are Maxillae?
underneath mandibles, have maxillary palps to move food
89
what is a labium?
floor of mouth, labial palps help swallowing
90
what is a labrum?
upper lip structure
91
external anatomy characteristics of grasshoppers
thorax divided into 3 parts each w walking legs - prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; tympanum, forewing, hindwings, femur, tibia, tarsus
92
what is a Tympanum?
hearing organ on each side of first abdominal segment
93
what is a forewing?
leathery for protection
94
what is a hindwing?
primary flight wings
95
what insects are in Order Phthiraptera?
lice
96
ORDER PHTHIRAPTERA characteristics
wingless, large robust mouthparts for chewing, ectoparasitic, hemimetabolous - incomplete metamorphosis
97
what insects are in Order Siphonaptera?
fleas
98
ORDER SIPHONAPTERA characteristics
wingless, body laterally flattened, jumping behavior, mouthparts developed for sucking blood, ectoparasitic, holometabolous - complete
99
what insects are in Order Trichoptera?
caddisflies
100
ORDER TRICHOPTERA characteristics
aquatic larvae in cases, presence in stream is indicator of healthy ecosystem, life mostly spent in larval form, adults survive few weeks, holometabolous - complete
101
what insects are in Subphylum Myrapoda - Class Chilopoda?
centipedes
102
SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA – CLASS CHILOPODA characteristics
carnivorous, 1 set of legs/segment, long appendages, fast
103
what insects are in Subphylum Myriapoda - Class Diplopoda?
millipedes
104
SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA – CLASS DIPLOPODA
millipedes, herbivorous, 2 sets of legs/segment, short appendages, slow
105
PHYLUM NEMATODA characteristics
hydrostatically pressurized, monoecious and dioecious, only longitudinal muscles present, covered in think waxy cuticle - nonliving and made of collagen; complete digestive system
106
PHYLUM NEMATODA nervous system characteristics
Rudimentary nervous system w nerve ring (functions as brain); Longitudinal lines along length of body; Clusters of nerve fibers- major structure of nematode nervous system
107
PHYLUM NEMATODA, ORDER ASCARIDIDA: ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES characteristics
parasitic, common; transmitted thru eggs in human poop that can be visible for years; sexual dimorphism
108
PHYLUM NEMATODA, ORDER ASCARIDIDA: ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES structures
mouth w 3 lips, intestine and pharynx
109
PHYLUM NEMATODA, ORDER ASCARIDIDA: ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES male sex organs
seminal vesicles, van deferens, testes, curved tail contains spicules that aid in sperm transfer, cloaca
110
PHYLUM NEMATODA, ORDER ASCARIDIDA: ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES female sex organs
uterus, oviduct, ovaries, larger than males
111
Turbatrix sp.: vinegar eels characteristics
free-living nematodes in fermented fruit juices
112
Necator sp.: hookworm characteristics
parasites w larval form that hooks into underside of hosts feet
113
Trichinella spiralis characteristics
Parasite found in undercooked pork or wild game; larvae encyst in host tissues forming nurse cells by tricking body to form collagenous wall and veins
114
Enterobius sp.: pinworms characteristics
most common parasite in US, little/no effects but difficult to get rid of
115
OTHER PSEUDOCOELOMATES: Phylum Nematomorpha characteristics
Long, hair-like; adults free-living; larvae parasites of arthropods
116
OTHER PSEUDOCOELOMATES: Phylum Acanthocephala characteristics
parasitic worms ID'ed by spiny proboscis that attaches to hosts' intestinal walls
117
OTHER PSEUDOCOELOMATES: Phylum Rotifera characteristics
Defined by ciliated discs (corona); specialized foot containing pedal gland for sticking to objects; Large and bulbous specialized pharynx (mastax) for grinding food particles; FW
118
MICROMETAZOANS Phylum Gastrotricha characteristics
fast, small, used ventral cilia to move; covered in short, curved spines; can survive in anaerobic environments
119
MICROMETAZOANS - Phylum Tardigrada characteristics
small, can enter state of anhydrosis (1% water) known as tun
120
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA characteristics
deuterostomes, pentaradial symmetry, larvae are bilateral; dermal, calcareous endoskeleton; have pedicellariae to pinch things that settle on them; breath using dermal branchiae
121
what are Echinoderms?
brittle stars, sand dollars, cucumbers, stars and urchins
122
what is a dermal, calcareous endoskeleton?
series of fused plates and spines
123
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA WVS characteristics
series of tubes that use water pressure to aid in moving and food gathering
124
what are dermal branchiae?
small projections between spaces of their skin
125
what animal is in Class Asteroidea?
sea stars
126
CLASS ASTEROIDEA characteristics
5+ arms, oral-aboral flattening, intertidal and benthic, carnivorous - coral, crabs, mollusks, worms; regenerate limbs, dioecious; bilateral larvae
127
Bilaterally symmetrical larvae =
bipinnaria
128
CLASS ASTEROIDEA: EXTERNAL ANATOMY
Madreporite plate, adjacent 2 arms: bivium, 3 opposite arms: trivium; spines, tube feet, ambulacrum
129
what is a Madreporite plate?
take in water to WVS
130
what are spines on a sea star?
small calcareous extensions surrounded by pedicellaria
131
what are tube feet on a sea star?
muscular and filled w fluid, for movement
132
what is an Ambulacrum on a sea star?
groove containing tube feet
133
CLASS ASTEROIDEA: INTERNAL ANATOMY terms
Ambulacral ridge, ampullae, gonads, pyloric cecum, radial canal, ring canal, stomach, stone canal
134
what is an Ambulacral ridge?
hard ridge in between
135
what is an Ampullae?
bulbs that extend outward to tube feet
136
what is a Pyloric cecum?
digestive gland that secretes enzymes and performs digestion
137
what is a Radial canal?
connects to ampullae
138
what is a ring canal?
circular tube that disperses water to each arm thru radial canals
139
what is the stomach in sea stars?
pyloric and cardiac stomachs; feed by everting stomach into bivalves
140
what is a stone canal?
hard tube that connects madreporite to ring canal
141
what animal is in Class Echinoidea?
sea urchins
142
CLASS ECHINOIDEA characteristics
no arms, extended spines; elongated tube feet in rows following ambulacral plates; herbivorous - algae and kelp; use Aristotle's lantern for feeding; test (shell); Bilaterally symmetrical larvae = plutei
143
what animals are in Class Holothuroidea?
sea cucumbers
144
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA characteristics
elongated, leathery body forms - 5 ambulacral grooves along body; no arms and spines, have tube feet; madreporite is internal, canal system opens into coelomic cavity, use coelomic fluid instead of water in WVS; pentaradial; can expel intestines in self defense
145
how do sea cucumbers breath?
thru butt, pumping water into respiratory tree connected to cloaca
146
what animals are in Class Ophiuroidea?
brittle stars
147
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA characteristics
5 arms sharply marked of from central disc, arms broken into vertebral ossicles for flexibility, move by twisting arm movements and not feet; carnivorous, reclusive
148
what animals are in Class Crinoidea?
sea lilies, feather stars
149
CLASS CRINOIDEA: SEA LILIES AND FEATHER STARS characteristics
have aboral stalk that attaches to substrate; anus on oral surface; branching arms in 5s; ~600 living species
