Animal Diversity Unit 3 test Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Where are Gastrotricha located?
A
FW, marine
2
Q
what are the 2 species in Mesozoa?
A
Rhombozoa, Orthonectida
2
Q
what does gastrotrich mean?
A
hairy belly
2
Q
what is the synapomorphy of Ecdysozoa?
A
ecdysis
2
Q
Gastrotricha characteristics
A
w spines or bristles on dorsal cuticle; Many species are all females, some hermaphroditic
2
Q
Orthonectida characteristics
A
symbionts/parasites of invertebrates; Adults are multinucleate amoeboid forms
2
Q
what is Panarthropoda?
A
Subclade of Ecdysozoa; includes Tardigrada, Onychophora and Arthropoda
2
Q
Rhombozoa characteristics
A
symbionts; tiny, wormlike; few cells
2
Q
where do Rhombozoa live?
A
inside kidneys of cephalopods
3
Q
what phyla are in Ecdysozoa?
A
Arthropoda and Nematoda, other smaller phyla
3
Q
what is ecdysis?
A
periodic molting of cuticle/exoskeleton
3
Q
what are the synapomorphies of Panarthropoda?
A
Multiple pairs of appendages; Arthropod-like claws
3
Q
what animals are in Chelicerata?
A
spiders, scorpions, ticks, sea spiders
3
Q
what are the groups in Arthropoda?
A
Chelicerata, Pancrustacea, Myriapoda
4
Q
what groups are in Pancrustacea?
A
crustacea, hexapoda
5
Q
what does “Paraphyletic w respect to” mean?
A
some crustaceans more closely related to Hexapoda then other crustaceans
5
Q
what animals are in crustacea?
A
crabs, crayfish, shrimps
5
Q
what animals are in Hexapoda?
A
insects
5
Q
what animals are in Myriapoda?
A
millipedes, centipedes
6
Q
what are some Arthropoda Synapomorphies?
A
Exoskeleton covering body, compound eyes, jointed appendages
6
Q
characteristics of exoskeleton covering body in arthropods?
A
Hard, flexible cuticle, secreted by epidermis; Made of chitin and proteins, sometimes calcified; Waxy outer layer in terrestrial arthropods; During ecdysis, 2 outer layers shed - inner layer dissolved and reabsorbed
7
Q
characteristics of compound eyes in arthropods?
A
few - several photoreceptive units (ommatidia)
7
Q
What are the 2 tagmata in Chelicerata and what do they mean?
A
Prosoma = head and legs; opisthosoma = “abdomen”
8
Q
what are the 2 groups under Chelicerates?
A
Pycnogonida, Euchelicerata
8
characteristics of limbs in Chelicerata?
Uniramous limbs (1 main branch): 2 pairs of head appendages; Usually 4 pairs of walking legs; Some limbs may be chelate
9
what animals are in Pycnogonida?
sea spiders
9
Pycnogonida characteristics
Marine; feed on soft-bodied animals (cnidarians) w proboscis
10
what animals are Acariformes?
mites
10
what groups are under Euchelicerata?
Acariformes, Parasitiformes and Pseudoscorpiones; Opiliones; Solifugae, Ricinulei and Xiphosura; Arachnopulmonata
10
Euchelicerata characteristics?
mostly terrestrial
11
what animals are Opiliones?
harvestmen, “daddy longlegs”
11
Acariformes characteristics
diverse (~1 mil species); predators, scavengers, parasites
11
what animals are Parasitiformes?
ticks
12
what animals are Solifugae?
sun spiders
12
what animals are Pseudoscorpiones?
pseudoscorpions
12
what animals are Xiphosura?
horseshoe crabs
13
what animals are Araneae?
spiders
13
Opiliones characteristics
Generalist predators/scavengers, No venom/silk, Defensive scent glands on prosoma
13
what groups are in Arachnopulmonata?
Araneae and Pedipalpi; Scorpiones
14
Araneae characteristics
diverse, common predators
15
what animals are Pedipalpi?
whip scorpions, tailless whip scorpions
15
Pedipalpi characteristics
spray vinegar-like substance when disturbed
16
what animals are Scorpiones?
scorpions
16
Scorpiones characteristics
Large pedipalps, jointed tail w venom-injecting barb
16
how does gas exchange happen in horseshoe crabs?
Book gills w thin lamellae (sheets)
17
Chelicerate Physiology characteristics
Gas exchange; Open circulatory system, dorsal heart in hemocoel; Excretion via Malpighian tubules
17
how does gas exchange happen in Arachnopulmonata?
Book lungs
18
how does gas exchange happen in terrestrial arachnids except scorpions?
Tracheae → tube system brings air to tissues; NOT HOMOLOGOUS
19
what do Malpighian tubules do?
tubes that filter wastes from blood, empty to gut
20
what animals are in crustacea?
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, others
20
Crustacea limb characteristics
Limbs have 2 main branches (endopod, exopod), often w gill (epipod); Endopods for walking, exopods for swimming
20
what animals are Branchiopoda?
“leafy” limbed, suspension feeders
20
what animals are Maxillopoda?
Copepoda, Cirripedia
21
What’s this condition called (limbs w 2 branches)?
biramous
21
what animals are Anostraca?
fairy, brine shrimp
21
what happens in Crustacea respiration?
gills extend from limb bases under carapace
22
important subgroups w/in Crustacea include:
Branchiopoda, Anostraca, Cladocera, Maxillopoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca, Brachyura, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Astacidea
22
what animals are Cladocera?
"water fleas” (Daphnia)
23
what animals are Copepoda?
important marine/FW plankton
24
what animals are Cirripedia?
barnacles (sessile crustaceans)
24
what animals are Malacostraca?
most “typical” crustaceans
24
what animals are Amphipoda?
scuds
24
what animals are Brachyura?
true crabs
25
what animals are Isopoda?
marine and terrestrial (pill bugs)
26
what animals are Astacidea?
crayfishes, chelate lobsters
27
what animals in crustacea are burrowers?
ghost sprimp
28
what animals in crustacea are sessile suspension feeders?
barnacles
28
what animals in crustacea are planktonic suspension feeders?
Cladocera, brine shrimp
29
what animals in crustacea are parasites?
Pentastomids
29
what do Pentastomids parasitize?
blood in vertebrate respiratory tracts
30
Where do millipedes live, and what do they eat?
burrowing herbivorous/scavengers
30
what are the primary groups in Myriapoda?
Chilipoda, Diplopoda
30
Where do centipedes live, and what do they eat?
terrestrial predators
31
what are the head appendages in Myriapods?
1 pair of antennae and mandibles
32
how many pairs of maxillae are in millipedes?
1
33
how many pairs of maxillae are in centipedes?
2
34
what are the elements of the head in insects?
2 compound eyes and simple eyes; 4 pairs of head appendages; 1 antennae pair; mandibles, maxillae; Fused appendages below mouth (labium) w sensory palps
34
what are the first pair of thoracic appendages in centipedes?
poison claws
34
where do Hexapods live?
Primarily terrestrial, not many marine
34
what are the basics of insect anatomy?
6 legs, 3 tagmata (head, abdomen, thorax)
35
what is the thorax on insects?
3 segments w walking legs
36
How many pairs of wings are on insect thorax and where are they?
2 pairs of wings on 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments; 1st for cover, second for flying
37
Are wings homologous to legs?
no, they’re outgrowths of dorsal cuticle
37
where does respiration occur in insects?
tracheae - Closeable spiracles along body open into respiratory system
37
how do insects excrete waste?
Malpighian tubes
37
what kind of circulatory system to insects have?
open; blood carries nutrients, waste
38
what does hemimetabolous development mean?
no major metamorphosis
39
what does ametabolous development mean?
young look like mini adults
40
what does Paleoptera mean?
outspread wings
40
what groups are under Hexapoda Entognatha Insects?
Paleoptera, Neoptera
40
what does holometabolous development mean?
major metamorphosis; larvae/adult differ in habitat, morphology
41
what are exopterygotes?
Insects w external wing buds
41
what does Neoptera mean?
wings that fold back
41
where do Tardigrada live?
FW, marine
42
Can you name some “paleopterans”?
Odonata - dragonflies, Ephemeroptera - mayflies
43
what is the general anatomy of Tardigrada?
8 legs, w 1+ toes; Feed by piercing plant cells w stylets; Thin cuticle and metameric nervous system; No circulatory/respiratory structures; eutelic
43
where do Tardigrades live?
ephemeral habitats
43
where do Onychophora live?
humid habitats
43
what happens when Tardigrades' environment is unfavorable?
form tun (resting stage) and dry out → use “disordered proteins” (TDPs) to survive
44
what is the external anatomy of Onychophora?
thin, periodically molted cuticle; many pairs lobopods; velvety looking
45
what are lobopods?
walking legs
45
what animals are in Nematomorpha?
horsehair worms
45
what is the basic anatomy of Nematoda?
Vermiform pseudocoelomates, w proteinaceous cuticle periodically molted; No circulatory, respiratory structures, circular muscles, motile cilia
45
what and how do Onychophora eat?
predatory; squirt slime from slime glands, slime hardens, entangling prey
46
what are the steps to the Nematode lifecycle?
Free-living juveniles ingested by copepod; Humans ingest copepods, worms penetrate intestinal wall and mate, males die; Females grow, migrate to skin, form ulcer; When wound is in water, female releases juveniles; Worm can be wound out slowly on stick
47
Nematomorpha characteristics
Adults are aquatic, mostly FW; Larvae eaten by terrestrial insects; Larvae influence behavior of terrestrial host, make them to go to water
47
Priapulida characteristics
Marine, benthic, prey on burrowing invertebrates; Possess spiny introvert
48
Kinorhyncha characteristics
Move w spiny snout containing mouth; Have 13 zonites (segments) covered w thick plates
48
Loricifera characteristics
have retractable spiny head; Have vase-shaped lorica of 6 cuticular plates; Some loriciferans live whole lives in anaerobic habitats, No mitochondria
49
The group (clade) that includes all crustaceans and Hexapoda is what?
Pancrustacea
50
what kind of circulatory system to arthropods have?
open
51
what kind of limbs do crustaceans have?
biramous
52
What kind of creature is a barnacle?
sessile marine pancrustacean
53
What most accurately describes the head appendages of a grasshopper?
1 pair of antennae, pair of jaws, pair of maxillae and pair of fused appendages (labium)
54
What’s a spiracle?
opening to tracheal tube system
55
There is a group of spiny-snouted ecdysozoan micrometazoans that have 13 zonites (segments) covered with thick plates. What are they?
kinorhynchs
56
What is Panarthropoda?
clade consisting of Tardigrada, Onychophora and Arthropoda
57
The life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm) was discussed in class.
What event does NOT occur in the D. medinensis life cycle?
female releases eggs into intestinal space; eggs carried out in feces
58
Onychophorans capture their food by:
squirting prey w adhesive slime
59
Nematomorphs are ____________ for part of their life cycle
insect parasites
