Adaptive Immunity Flashcards by Taylor McMahan

___ line of defense is your

Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

-non specific defense mechanism

1st line of defense

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___ like of defense is your
Phagocytic white blood cells
Antimicrobial proteins
The inflammatory response

-nonspecific defense mechanisms

Second line of defense

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___ line of defense is

Lymphocytes
Antibodies

specific defense mechanism (immune system)

Third line of defense

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Immune response: Third line of defense. Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens

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Adaptive immunity

Mobilized AFTER external barriers have been compromised and inflammation activated

Works against reinfection

Differences from inflammation-

Inducible-lymphocytes and antibodies are produced in response to infection so the adaptive immunity develops more slowly than inflammation
Specific- the lymphocytes or antibodies induced are specific to that infecting microbe
Long lived- lymphocytes and antibodies are long lived. Long term protection against specific invaders
Memory- If you get reinfected with the same microbe the lymphocytes and antibodies are produced immediately Permanent long term protection

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Two elements of adaptive immunity

Antigens- targets of antibodies and lymphocytes. On surface of microbe, infected cell, or infected tissue.

Lymphocytes are divided into B (bone marrow derived)and T cells (thymus derived)

B cells make antibodies that will bind to invaders to destroy them.

T cell recognize invaders and kill directly

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Adaptive immunity

___ immunity extracellular, ANTIBODIES circulating in the blood

Humoral

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Adaptive immunity

___ immunity is intracellular and T cells in blood and tissues defend against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells

Cellular

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Adaptive immunity

___ immunity develops after exposure to antigen and is long lived

Chicken pox

Active

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Adaptive immunity

___ immunity is preformed antibodies or T cells are administered and is temporary immunity.

Baby get antibodies from mom lasts days to months

Passive

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___ are molecules that are foreign to the host and cause immune response

Antigens

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___ is antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

Immunogens

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___ become immunogenic after combining with larger molecules

Haptens

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___ is the precise area of the antigen that a particular antibody recognizes

Epitopes

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B cella’s are bone marrow derived. Triggered to become plasma cells which will make antibodies. They can form memory cells to remember the same pathogen.

T cells are thymus derived, several sub sets, can form memory cells.

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Clonal ___ is the production of T & B lymphocytes. Antigen regimen

Clonal diversity

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Clonal ___ is antigen processing and presentation. Complex cellular interactions

Clonal selection

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Clonal diversity

primarily occurs in fetus
all necessary receptor specificities are produced
takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs (thymus, bone marrow)
results in immature but immunocompetent T and B cells

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B cell development

Production, proliferation, differentiation in bone marrow:

Travel to LYMPHOID tissue and reside there as immunocompetent cells

each cell responds to only one specific antigen
b cell receptors recognize antigen

Clonal deletion or CENTRAL TOLERANCE

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T cell development

Thymus= central lymphoid organ of T cell development

T cell receptors recognize antigen

Leave thymus, travel to and reside in secondary LYMPHOID tissue as mature immunocompetent cells

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Antigen processing and presentation

*initiated when T and B cells interact with an antigen

Antigens PRESENTED on the surface of APCs

Abnormal cells presented by major histocompatability complex

Results:

Differentiation of B cells into active antibody producing cells (PLASMA CELLS)
Differentiation of T cells into EFFECTOR CELLS such as t cytotoxic cells

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Glycoproteins on the surface of all human cells EXCEPT RBC. Also referred to as human leukocyte antigens is called ___ ___ __

Major histocompatibility complex MHC

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MHC class 1 presents for endogenous antigens

MHC class 2 presents exogenous antigens

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Step 2 clonal selection

Intracellular collaborations result in the production of effector and memory cells

Require three intracellular signaling events

Antigen specific recognition- through TCR or BCR complex
Activation of intracellular communication
Response to specific groups of cytokines

Without this you can not have protected immune response

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B cell clonal selection: When an immunocompetent B cell encounters an antigen for the first time; B cells with specific BCR (b cell receptors) are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate. - a differentiated B cell becomes a PLASMA CELL -a plasma cell is a factory for ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

T cytotoxic lymphocytes Binding antigen to specific T cell receptors Allows: DIRECT KILLING foreign or abnormal cells Assistance or *activation of other cells Reacts with antigens on *virus infected or cancerous cells Develops into Tc effector cell that can destroy abnormal cells

____ lymphocytes are required for all adaptive immune response. Help the antigen driven maturation of b and T cells. Facilitate and magnify interaction between APC and immunocompetent lymphocytes

T helper Th lymphocytes

_____ bind to variable portion of TCR and MHC class 2 molecule outside normal antigen specific binding sites. EXCESSIVE production of cytokines Cause systemic inflammatory response like fever

Super antigens (SAGS)

___ cella’s binding antigen to specific T cell receptors: direct killing of foreign or abnormal cells. Killer cells

T cytotoxic

B cell clonal When immunocompetent B cell encounters antigen for the first time B cell with specific BCR are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate -a differentiated B cell becomes a plasma cell * Plasma cells are factories for antibody production

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Memory cells B&T cells differentiate into large population of memory cells Long lived Remain inactive until subsequent antigen exposure Do not require further differentiation so will rapidly becoming plasma cells or effector T cells

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__ most abundant immunoglobulins

IgG

___ is the immunoglobulin in blood and secretions

IgA

___ is the immunoglobulins synthesized in the utero

IgM

____ is the immunoglobulin in the lower amount of blood

IgD

___ is the immunoglobulin that has direct response to allergic or parasite

IgE

___ ____ is the area of the antigen that is recognized by an antibody

Antigenic determinant (epitope)

___ ____ ___ is the matching portion on the antibody

Antigen binding site (paratope)

Antigen fits into binding site or antibody like a “key into a lock”

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Antibody functions Direct- antibody alone

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Antibody functions Direct- antibody alone ___ is blocking the binding of antigens to the receptors Ex flu will bind to respiratory cells

Neutralization

Antibody functions Direct- antibody alone ___ is clumping of particles

Agglutination

Antibody functions Direct- antibody alone ___ is making a soluble antigen into a insoluble precipitation

Precipitation

Antibody functions Indirect- requiring other components

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Antibody functions Indirect- requiring other components Inflammation Phagocytosis Complement

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___ is the most abundant immunoglobulin 80-85% - Most of protective activity against infections - crosses placenta to protect the newborn child

IgG

___ is predominately found in blood and body secretions Most important is the IgA2 and it’s prodominately in bodily secretions ***

IgA

___ is the largest immunoglobulin First antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen Synthesized early in neonatal life

IgM

___ immunoglobulin is low concentration in the blood. Function as a type of B cell antigen receptor

IgD

__ immunoglobulin is low concentration in the blood and is defense mechanism against parasitic infections. When produced against innocuous environmental antigens, common cause of allergies

IgE

Secretory mucosal immune systems. Protects the external surfaces of the body **Antibodies present in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, and breast milk IgA is dominant Partially independent

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Cellular immunity ___ cells destroy cancer cells or cells infected with viruses

T cytotoxic

Cellular immunity __ help develop cell mediated immunity, develop humoral immunity, secrete lymphokine, activate macrophages, limit immune response

T helper cells

Cellular immunity ____ cells remain inactive until re exposed to the same antigen

Memory cells

____ cells complement tc cell mechanisms but do not have antigen specific receptors

Natural killer cells

___ ___ cells amplify inflammation

Lymphokine secreting T cells

___ ___ promise peripheral tolerance and suppress immune response

T regulatory lymphocytes

Pediatric immunity Fetus had sufficient IgM but deficient IgG and IgA responses Maternal antibodies a provide protection within the fetal circulation and during the first months of life (up to 6 months) Immunologically immature when born with deficiencies in antibody production, phagocytic activity and complement activity

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Aging and immune function Decreased T cell activity Thymic size is 15% of its maximum size. Thymic hormone production drops. As does the organs ability to mediate T cell differentiation Decrease antibody response to antigens Increase in circulating antigen antibody complexes Increase in circulating antibodies Decrease in circulating memory B cells

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Clonal diversity and selection Diversity: before birth PRODUCTION of b and T cells. End product: immunocompetent b and T cells that will react with an antigen but never seen one before Selection: after birth, initiated by antigen for a specific immune response. Throughout lifetime, dorms memory cells

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