Cancer Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
_____ carry hemoglobin for oxygenation tissues.
Low-anemia
High- polycythemia
A
Erythrocytes
2
Q
Low erythrocytes (RBC) is called
A
Anemia
3
Q
High erythrocytes level is called
A
Polycythemia
4
Q
____ main function is immune system (innate) inflammation
A
Leukocytes
5
Q
Low leukocyte level is ___ ___
A
Immune dysfunction
Cancer leukemia
6
Q
___ main function is immune (acquired)
Problems is lymphoma cancer and multiple myeloma
A
Lymphocytes
7
Q
____ forms blood clots (thrombi) and stops bleeding
A
Thrombocytes
8
Q
Low thrombocytes means there is ___
A
Bleeding
9
Q
High thrombocytes Meanss there is ____
A
Clotting DVT
10
Q
Anemia means
Not enough RBC, RBC doesn’t have enough Hgb to carry oxygen. Check Hgb level and types of Hgb (electrophoresis) and RBC don’t work right (shape/morphology)
A
Know
11
Q
Anemia manifestations:
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity
Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, dizziness w position change
Signs: Rapid HR Pallor Heart murmur Enlarged heart even failure Pale conjuctiva
A
Know
12
Q
What triggers RBC production:
Low oxygen levels in the kidneys stimulates release of ERYTHROPOIETIN, a hormone.
Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to release RBC
Sometimes immature RBC reticulocytes are released, indicating higher production
Need enough iron to make the hemoglobin for new RBC
A
Know
13
Q
Two causes of anemia
Loss of RBC or diminished erythropoiesis (not making RBC)
A
Know
14
Q
If the terms end in ____ it is describing size of a cell
Either size hemoglobin or shape
A
Cytic
15
Q
Macrocytic means ___
A
Large
16
Q
Microcytic means ____
A
Small
17
Q
Normocytic means ____
A
Normal size
18
Q
Terms that end with chromic means _____ ___
Size Hgb or shape
A
Hemoglobin content
19
Q
Normochromic means normal ___
A
Hgb
20
Q
Hypochromic means
A
Low Hgb
21
Q
____ is red cells in different sizes
A
Anisocytosis
22
Q
____ is red cells in various shapes
A
Poikilocytosis
23
Q
____ ___ anemia is acute blood loss. Normocytic normochromic (normal size and Hgb normal) too fast to compensate cells look normal. TRAUMA AND SURGERY causes
A
Post hemorrhagic
24
Q
___ ___ anemia is chronic blood loss, blood loss is greater than replacement capacity of bone marrow. Associated with SLOW blood loss like menstruation or colon cancer
A
Iron deficiency
25
Blood loss due to RBC destruction as well-
hemolytic anemia:
RBC are destroyed faster than they can be made: ex sickle cell disease, auto immune disorder
Happens fast and can be lethal
Know
26
Macrocytic normochromic anemia (big RBC)
Also called megablastic anemia
Unusually LARGE STEM CELLS
DEFECTIVE DNA SYNTHESIS
nutrient deficit of folate and vitamin b 12
Know
27
____ anemia cause is lack of intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells. Require vitamin b12 absorption. When Hgb drops 7-8 g/dL. Weakness, fatigue, difficulty walking; PARESTHESIAS, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss, sore tongue
Neurologic manifestations irreversible*
Life long b 12 replacement
Pernicious anemia
28
___ deficiency (macrocytic anemia) DAILY dietary intake of folate. 50-200mg qd, absorption of folate occur in upper small intestine and no Neuro symptoms, common in alcohol abuse
Folate deficiency
29
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia world wide.
Microcytic hypochromic anemia’s- small pale RBC
Red cells are small and low Hgb *
Related to iron deficiency *
Chronic loss of RBC
Poor intake or absorption
Know
30
Microcytic hypochromic anemia: iron deficiency
You’ll see manifestations when Hgb decreases to 7-8 per/dL
Early symptoms: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale earlobes, Palms and conjuctiva
Progress of iron deficiency anemia causes brittle thin coarsely ridgid and spoon shaped nails (kolionychia) cheilosis, stomatitis, painful ulceration in mouth and dysphasia
Know
31
Normocytic, normochromic anemia’s
Cells are NORMAL but not enough of them *
Cause:
Acute blood loss, or hemorrhage
Hemolysis/ red blood cells broken down, die too soon.
Chronic illness or inflammation
A plastic anemia- bone marrow can’t make ANY blood cell types
Know
32
___ is where RBC broken down, die too soon.
Hemolysis
33
___ anemia is where bone marrow can’t make ANY blood cell Tyler
Aplastic anemia
34
___ anemia is a rare anemia. *reduction in RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Manifestations: all types of blood cells missing.
Low RBC- fatigue and pallor
Low platelet: petechiae, bruising, bleeding gums, GI
Low wbc increased infections
Why? Damaged bone marrow due to cancer leukemia, radiation, meds or chemo
Aplastic anemia
35
___ anemia normocytic normochromic anemia, RBC FRAGILE*, causes drugs infection, difficult to get rid of Hgb breakdown so they get jaundice**
Hemolytic
36
Anemia of chronic disease is due to decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in chronic disease or inflammation
Know
37
Over production of red blood cells erythrocytes
Polycythemia
38
___ ___ is the result of dehydration (less plasma) and hemoconcentration of the blood
Realitive polycythemia
39
___ ___ a slow growing blood cancer. Where bone marrow makes to many RBC and you’ll see elevated platelet and wbc and thicker blood
Polycythemia Vera
40
___ ____ more common and when they have more erythropoietin secreted bc patient is hypoxic, high altitude people or smokers with high co2
Secondary polycythemia
41
___ ___ is caused by elevated iron absorption. Abdominal pain and weak: therapeutic phlebotomy
Hereditary hemochromatosis
42
___ ____ it’s a blood cancer where bone marrow makes too many RBC wbc and platelets are also increased.
Cause: Cerebral thrombosis (stroke) one of main causes of death
Decrease blood volume
Polycythemia Vera
43
___ is high leukocyte count
Leukocytosis
44
___ low leukocyte count, never normal
Leukopenia
45
____ also caused neutophilia, increase in granulocytes, mostly neutrophils
Granulocytosis
46
Neutrophillia is normal in the first stages of infection or inflammation.
If the need for neutrophils increase beyond the supply, IMMATURE NEUTROPHILS are released.
Phenomenon is termed shift to the left (high percent of immature neutrophils) ABNORMAL
When the population returns to normal shift to the right
Know
47
____ is reduction in circulating neutrophils
Causes is prolonged severe infection, decreased production, reduced survival, abnormal neutrophil distribution.
Neutropenia
48
____ is severe neutropenia (reduction in neutrophils)
Granulocytopenia
49
____ is absence of granulocytes.
Results in VULNERABILITY TO INFECTION
Agranulocytosis
50
____ is INCREASE in circulating eosinophils, triggered by HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions (allergic)
ALLERGIC disorders and PARASITE invasions
Eosinophilia
51
_____ is DECREASE in circulating eosinophils, caused by migration of cells to inflammatory sites. Causes: Cushing syndrome and stress
Eosinopenia
52
___ INCREASE in circulating basophils and response to INFLAMMATION & HYPERSENSITIVITY (allergic reactions) seen in myeloproliferative disorders (overactive bone marrow)
Basophilia
53
____ is DECREASE in circulating basophils and occurs in acute infections, hyperthyroidism, ovulation, pregnancy; long term steroid therapy
Basopenia
54
____ is INCREASE in circulating monocytes. Often transient and not due to low monocyte production. Usually occurs with neutropenia in *later stages of infections* when monocytes are needed to PHAGOCYTIZE organisms and debris
Monocytosis
55
____ is DECREASE in circulating monocytes, RARE
Monocytopenia
56
____ is INCREASE in number or proportion of lymphocytes. **In Viral INFECTIONS* particularly Epstein Barr virus- NOT BACTERIAL
Lymphocytosis
57
____ is DECREASE in circulating lymphocytes
Causes: low production due to immune deficiencies and destruction by drugs virus or radiation
Lymphocytopenia
58
__ ___ benign acute self limiting infection of b lymphocytes transmitter by saliva through personal contact .
Most common cause EBV
Infectious mononucleosis
59
Mono patients symptoms
*fatigue
Fever
Sore throat
Swollen cervical lymph nodes
Serious complication
Splenic rupture is most common cause of death
Know
60
Malignant disorder of the bone marrow and blood.
Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells. Cells crowd bone marrow and decreased function of hematopoietic cells and pancytopenia(decrease in wbc RBC and platelet)
Leukemia
61
___ ___ leukemia
Too many lymphoblasts**
Most common in childhood*
Most are B cell origin
Acute lymphocytic leukemia ALL
62
___ ____ leukemia too many myeloblasts**
Most common adult leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia AML
63
____ ___ leukemia slow leukemia, too many blood cells made in bone marrow, more often in adults: exposure to radiation is cause
** Philadelphia chromosome is seen in 95% of these people **
Chronic myelogenous leukemia CML
64
____ ___ leukemia predominantly seen in OLDER adults >60. Too many IMMATURE lymphocytes and immunologically incompetent (can’t fight infections)
Follows a slow chronic course
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
65
____ means swollen lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
66
____ ____ is lymph node cancer
Malignant lymphomas
67
____ ____ is malignant neoplasms (cancer) of cells derived from lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes, histocytes, and macrophaged in lymphoid tissue.
Most common blood cancer in US
Causes:: genetic or viral inf
Malignant lymphoma
68
___ lymphoma malignant lymphoma that affects localized group of lymph nodes. Derived from B cell that’s not undergone successful immunoglobulin gene arrangement . * REED STERNBERG CELLS NECESSARY FOR DX
Hodgkin lymphoma
69
Hodgkin lymphoma ** painless rubbery enlarged node on neck**
Usually found on men when shaving
Know
70
__ ___ lymphoma is genetic term for diverse group of lymphoid tissue neoplasms.
Real classification
- b cell neoplasms
- t cell and NK cell neoplasms
Risk factor include being older male and white
Non Hodgkin lymphoma
71
___ lymphoma is most
Common type of Hodgkin lymphoma in CHILDREN particularly in African children
* very fast growing tumor of the jaw and facial bones
* epstein Barr virus is found in nasopharyngeal secretions of patients
Burkitts lymphoma
72
____ ___ is a bone marrow disease with plasma cell tumors in bone.
Frequently the myeloma produces BENCE JONES protein and *may cause renal failure*
*bone pain may be first symptom
Multiple myeloma
73
____ is decrease in circulating platelets
Thrombocytopenia
74
____ is increase in circulating platelets
Thrombocythemia
75
Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count less than
150,000
76
_____ ____ is error in lab giving a false reading from thrombocytopenia
Pseudo- thrombocytopenia
77
Thrombocytopenia
Less than ____ is when it becomes clinically significant
100,000
78
Thrombocytopenia l
Less than ___ is when hemorrhage from minor trauma
50,000
79
Thrombocytopenia
| LesS than ___ is spontaneous bleeding
15,000
80
Thrombocytopenia
Less than ___ is a severe bleeding
10,000
81
____ ___ thrombocytopenia IgG antibodies target heparin platelet factor 4 complex, typically causes 50% drop in platelet count, tx direct thrombin inhibitor
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
82
____ ____ ____ chronic: IgG auto antibody that targets platelets, antibody coated platelets are sequestered (gathered up) and removed from circulation
Acute: develops *after a viral infection and one of the most common *childhood bleeding disorders
Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenia purpura
83
____ ____ ___ is a thrombotic clotting microangiopathy (small or micro vessel disease) platelets aggregate, form microthrombi (tiny clots), and cause occlusion (blockage) of arterioles and capillaries
Familial (rare, children) or acquired (common, severe) Results low platelets so bleeding
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura
84
___ thrombocytopenia
Myeloproliferative neoplasm (bone marrow cancer*) involving defect in bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitor cells. Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow are produced in excess. Microvasculature thrombosis or hemorrhage occurs.
Essential (primary) thrombocytopenia
85
____ thrombocytopenia is following splenectomy** because platelet can not be stored in spleen
Secondary
86
Alterations of coagulation
Caused by problems with clotting factors
1. Impaired hemostasis (unable to stop bleeding)
2. Thromboembolic disorders (forms clots when they should not)
Know
87
___ ___ is inability to coagulate blood and form stable fibrin clot.
Causes:
Vitamin k deficiencies- vitamin k is needed for prothrombin, the procoagulant factors, proteins c and s. Primary source of vitamin k: green leafy veggies. Consumptive coagulopathy: imbalance in clot formation and dissolving leads to tiny clots throughout body. Platelets and clotting factors Used consumed so no clots formed, bleeding uncontrolled
Impaired hemostasis
88
___ ___ ___ caused by many disease processes, especially sepsis. (Severe infection)
* abnormal bleeding
* bleeding from venipuncture
* bleeding from arterial lines
Tx: infusion of coagulation factors, removing the cause
Dissemination intravascular coagulation
89
___ is a fixed clot narrowing or blocking a vessel
Thrombus
90
____ is a floating clot that moves upstream in the blood
Embolus
91
Thromboembolic disorders is complications of many illness, decreased mobility*, MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATHS.* Clots lewd to ischemia*
Virchows triad is 3 factors that cause clots **
** damage to blood vessel walls due to injury
* * slowed blood flow, due to less activity
* * hupercoagubility: hereditary and acquired hypercoagulability
Know
92
Prompt perfusion of thrombolytic agents may restore perfusion inside preventing necrosis is called a
Penumbra
