Infection

Question 1

___ benefits only the human but no harm to micro organisms

Answer 1

Symbosis

Question 2

___ benefits the human and micro organisms

Answer 2

Mutualism

Question 3

___ benefits the micro organism only but does not harm the human

Answer 3

Commensalism

Question 4

___iS when Benign bugs become pathogenic bc of decreased human Host resistance

Answer 4

Opportunism

Question 5

Normal microbiome is made up of symbiotic micro organisms- benefits the human.

Answer 5

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Question 6

Process of infection

Encounter:
Endogenous- normal part of body and in normal part of microbiome
Exogenous- transmitted from external source.

Transmission:
Direct contact: transmission from mother to child, exposure to blood and body fluids, HIV
Indirect: come into contact with affected materials- bandages, towels, droplet infection

Colonization:
Ability to survive and multiply in the human environment

Answer 6

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Question 7

_____ is a mix of bacteria and fungus and is in a organization extracellular matrix and made by micro organism. Can become resistant to antibiotics. Ex: someone with pace maker and gets affected and it’s hard to get rid of

Answer 7

Biofilm

Question 8

Process of infection

___ cross surface barriers

Answer 8

Invasion of penetration

Question 9

Process of infection

___ “spread”

Answer 9

Dissemination

Question 10

Process of infection

Cellular or tissue damage

___ is production from toxins

Answer 10

Directly

Question 11

Process of infection

Cellular or tissue damages

___ from immune response

Answer 11

Indirect

Question 12

Abilities needed for infection

___ spreads from one individual to others

Answer 12

Communicability

Question 13

Abilities needed for infection

___ induced immune response

Answer 13

Immunogenicity

Question 14

Abilities needed for infection

___ invades and multiplies

Answer 14

Infectivity

Question 15

Abilities needed for infection

____ produces disease

Answer 15

Pathogenicity

Question 16

Factors of infection

Mechanism of action: how jt damages tissue

Portal of entry: route by which it infects the host

Toxigenicity: ability to produce toxins

Virulence: capacity to cause severe disease

Answer 16

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Question 17

Stages of infection

___ period is from exposure to onset of symptoms, pathogens are colonizing

Answer 17

Incubation period

Question 18

Stages of infection

___ stage is early symptoms often mild and pathogens are multiplying

Answer 18

Prodromal stage

Question 19

Stages of infection

___ period is where immune and inflammatory responses are triggered, pathogens are multiplying rapidly and invading farther

Answer 19

Invasion period

Question 20

Stages of infection

____ is usually immune and inflammation systems remove pathogens, symptoms decline

Answer 20

Convalescence

Question 21

Bacteria has no nucleus, cause disease.

Aerobic: need oxygen

Anerobic: don’t need oxygen

Answer 21

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Question 22

Gram positive: turn purple when stained
Has a thick peptidoglycan layer and don’t have outer lipid membrane. Easier to kill.

Gram negative: light pink when stained, thin peptidoglycan layer and do have a lipid membrane

Answer 22

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Question 23

Hair like projections on the cell that attach to the tissue and invade the cell

Answer 23

Pili (fimbria)

Question 24

__ is small long thin tube like structures that move the organism

Answer 24

Flagella

Question 25

___ is an outer covering that is used for resistance

Answer 25

Capsules

Question 26

___ is proteins that promote tissue invasion

Answer 26

Enzymes

Question 27

Bacteria can alSo compete for iron and nutrients to fuel them to keep going and produce toxins which can affect virulence

Answer 27

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Question 28

_____ is enzymes that can damage the plasma membranes of body cells or inactivate enzymes critical to protein synthesis. Also produce antitoxins which antibody Most severe is botulinum and can cause paralysis respiratory issues

Answer 28

Exotoxins

Question 29

___ activate inflammatory response and produce fever Antibiotics don’t do well with this; they can not prevent the toxic effect of endotoxins

Answer 29

Endotoxins

Question 30

____ is the prescience of bacteria in the blood

Answer 30

Bacteremia

Question 31

____ is the growth of bacteria in the blood, failure of body’s defense mechanism, usually caused by gram negative bacteria, over production of pro inflammatory cytokines

Answer 31

Septicemia

Question 32

Viral infection dependent on host cells. They have no metabolism, simple organism, spreads cells to cells. Transmission: Aerosol, infected blood, sexual contact, animal reservoir, vector

Answer 32

Know

Question 33

The life cycle of the virus is INTRACELLULAR - attachment - penetration - uncoating - replication - assembly - release

Answer 33

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Question 34

Viral life cycle ___ is when the virus becomes attached to a target epithelial cell

Answer 34

Attachment

Question 35

Viral life cycle ___ is where the cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis

Answer 35

Penetration

Question 36

Viral life cycle ____ is where the viral contents are release we

Answer 36

Uncoating

Question 37

Viral life cycle ___ is where new viral particles are made and release into the extracellular fluid. The cell which is not killed in the process, continues to make new virus

Answer 37

Release

Question 38

Viral life cycle ___ is where new phage particles are assembled

Answer 38

Assembly

Question 39

Viral life cycle ___ is where viral RNA enters the nucleus.. where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase

Answer 39

Biosynthesis

Question 40

Influenza __ is the only virus to cause a flu epidemic

Answer 40

A

Question 41

Influenza ___ only causes a mild illness and doesn’t cause a epidemic

Answer 41

C

Question 42

Influenza ___ only affects cows

Answer 42

D

Question 43

Influenza A has two surface glycoproteins * hemagglutinin * neuramindase These are the receptors for attachment to human target cells

Answer 43

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Question 44

Fungal infections Single celled yeats Are usually spheres or facultative anaerobes Multicellular molds Filaments or hyphae Aerobic

Answer 44

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Question 45

___ is a type of fungus that invades the skin hair or nails. Tinea or ring worm

Answer 45

Dermatophytes

Question 46

___ look like branching hyphae and ex is a ringworm

Answer 46

Molds

Question 47

___ is spherical and round and you usually see it in hastoplasmosis. You can get it in soil that is affected by bird poop

Answer 47

Yeasts

Question 48

Parasite infections The parasite will benefit at the expense of the human Unicellular protozoa to large worms (helminths) More common in developing countries Spread human to human via vectors

Answer 48

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Question 49

With infectious disease Include inflammatory and immune response *FEVER is hallmark sign and is beneficial bc it turns on immune system Exogenous Pyrogens from organisms produce endogenous pyrogens

Answer 49

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Question 50

Antimicrobials and antibiotics Born prevent spread of infection Inhibitation of cell wall , prevention of protein synthesis , blockage of DNA replication, interference with folic acid metabolism

Answer 50

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Question 51

____ kill the micro organism

Answer 51

Bactericidal

Question 52

___ inhibit growth of bacteria

Answer 52

Bacteriostatic

Question 53

Antibiotic resistant infections can result in deaths. Resistance to single antibiotic has progressed to multiple antibiotic resistance Causes: Lack of compliance and over use of antibiotics

Answer 53

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Question 54

Vaccines Biological preparations of antigens that stimulate production of protective antibodies Long Lasting immunity Primary immune short lives and booster injections Push immune response through secondary responses

Answer 54

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Question 55

Passive immunotherapy Preformed antibodies given Human immunoglobulin for hepatitis immunoglobulin and monoclonal antibodies for rabies Monoclonal antibody for Rsv

Answer 55

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