adaptive immunity

Question 1

what 3 characteristics distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity

Answer 1

systemic affect
specificity
memory

Question 2

what is systemic effect

Answer 2

throughout the entire body

Question 3

what is immunity directed against a particular pathogen

Answer 3

specificity

Question 4

what is it when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness

Answer 4

memory

Question 5

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity

Answer 5

cellular and humoral

Question 6

in regards to cellular immunity:

what directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

it rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to what?

what does it do to cells that harbor them

Answer 6

lymphocytes

antibodies

kill them

Question 7

in regards to humoral immunity:

what is it mediated by that do not directly destroy a pathogen, but tag it

what is the liquid that ^ are dissolved in called

what 2 things is this system effective against

Answer 7

antibodies

humors

extracellular viruses
disease agents

Question 8

what is any molecule that triggers an immune response

what is special about these molecules in regards to their structure

how does the body know when they are present

what 4 things fall into this category of molecule: (poly-, glyco-, glyco-, pro-)

Answer 8

antigens

they are unique to the individual

the body can distinguish self from non self

polysaccarides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteins

Question 9

what is too small to be antigenic in themselves

how do they trigger an immune response

what are some examples of these

what binds to host proteins in allergenic individuals

Answer 9

haptens

combining with a host macromolecule and creating a complex that the body can recognize as foreign

cosmetics, detergent, dander, chemicals

penicillin

Question 10

what ar antigenic determinants that contain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulates an immune response

Answer 10

epitopes

Question 11

what is a defensive gamma globulin found in fluids, secretions, and some leukocyte membranes

Answer 11

immunoglobulin

Question 12

what is the basic structural unit of an antibody

what is it composed of (4)

what chain have a hinge region where the antibody is bent

what chains have variable regions

what are these chains linked by

Answer 12

antibody monomer

polypeptide chains

heavy

all

disulfide bonds

Question 13

what region in an antibody has the same amino acid sequence within one person and determines mechanism of antibody action

Answer 13

constant region

Question 14

what is formed from the V regions of the heavy and light chain on each arm and attaches to the epitope of an antigen molecule

Answer 14

antigen binding site

Question 15

(A, D, E, G, M) Found as a monomer in blood plasma and mainly as a dimer in mucus, tears, milk, saliva, and intestinal secretions. Sometimes also forms trimers and tetramers. Prevents pathogens from adhering to epithelia and penetrating underlying tissues. Provides passive immunity to the newborn.

what structures does this have

Answer 15

class IgA

monomer and dimer

Question 16

(A, D, E, G, M) A transmembrane protein of B cells; functions in activation of B cells by antigens.

Answer 16

IGD

Question 17

(A, D, E, G, M) A transmembrane protein of basophils and mast cells. Stimulates them to release histamine and other mediators of inflammation and allergy; important in immediate hypersensitivity reactions and in attracting eosinophils to sites of parasitic infection.

Answer 17

IGE

Question 18

(A, D, E, G, M) Constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in blood plasma. The predominant antibody secreted in the secondary immune response. Crosses placenta and confers temporary immunity on the fetus. Includes the anti-D antibodies of the Rh blood group.

Answer 18

IgG

Question 19

(A, D, E, G, M) Constitutes about 10% of circulating antibodies in plasma. The predominant antibody secreted in the primary immune response; very strong agglutinating and complement-fixation abilities; includes the anti-A and anti-B agglutinins of the ABO blood group.

structure

Answer 19

IgM

monomer, pentameter

Question 20

how many antibodies is the human body capable of

how many genes are in the human genome

name the 2 things that help make up for this:

DNA segments shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes

B cells in lymph nodules rapidly mutate creating new sequences

Answer 20

1 trillion

20k

somatic recombination

somatic hypermutation

Question 21

what are the 2 major cells of the lymphatic immune system

Answer 21

lymphocytes

antigen presenting cells

Question 22

in regards to antigen presenting cells:

what are mobile and derive from monocytes

what are mobile and rec.mediated endocytosis

what are stationary

where are these especially concentrated

Answer 22

macrophages

dendritic cells

reticular

strategic places like lymphatic organs, skin, mucous membranes

Question 23

what are the 3 kinds of lymphocytes

Answer 23

NKs
T cells
B cells

Question 24

where do B cells come from
where do they go

Answer 24

red bone marrow
other lymphatic tissues and organs

Question 25

where do plasma cells come from where do they end up (3)

Answer 25

lymph nodes red bone marrow tonsils spleen

Question 26

what type of immunity are B cells and plasma cells associated with

Answer 26

humoral

Question 27

where do stem T cells come from where do they go where do stem T cells mature to be immunocompetent where do immunocompetent T cells go

Answer 27

red bone marrow thymus thymus other lymphatic tissues and organs

Question 28

what is required for T cells to recognize antigens

Answer 28

antigen presenting cells

Question 29

dendritic cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and B cells function as what

Answer 29

antigen presenting cells

Question 30

what does the function of antigen presenting cells depend on

Answer 30

histocompatibility complex proteins

Question 31

what acts as cell identification tags that label every cell that belongs to the body they are structurally unique for every individual except for who

Answer 31

histocompatibility complex proteins identical twins

Question 32

the 4 steps of antigen processing: 1. what encounters the antigen 2. how is the antigen then internalized 3. what is it digested into 4. what is displayed in the grooves of the histocompatibility complex protein

Answer 32

APC endocytosis molecular fragments epitopes

Question 33

what is: APC MHC protein

Answer 33

antigen presenting cell histocompatibility protein

Question 34

what are the effectors of cellular immunity that carry out attack on enemy cells what help promote killer T cell and B cell action and innate immunity

Answer 34

killer T cells helper T cells

Question 35

what inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells to limit immune response

Answer 35

regulatory T cells (t-regs)

Question 36

what descend from killer T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity

Answer 36

memory T cells

Question 37

what is another term for killer T cells

Answer 37

cytotoxic T cells

Question 38

T8, CD8, and CD8+ cells refer to: T4, CD4, CD4+ cells refer to:

Answer 38

killer T cells regulatory T cells and helper T cells

Question 39

what are the 3 stages of both cellular and humoral immunity what are the 3 Rs of immunity

Answer 39

recognition attack memory recognize react remember

Question 40

yuh

Answer 40

yuh

Question 41

what proteins are produced by all nucleated cells and are transported to the plasma membrane what happens if they are normal self antigens what happens if they are viral proteins or abnormal cancer antigens what happens to the malignant cells

Answer 41

MHC1 nothing a T cell response they are killed as to not infect further

Question 42

what proteins are human leukocyte antigens and only occur on APCs and display only foreign antigens

Answer 42

MHC2

Question 43

what T cell is associated with MHC1 what T cells is associated with MHC2

Answer 43

killer helper

Question 44

in regards to T cell activation: 1. what is antigen recognition 2. what is costimulation 3. what is clonal selection 4. what's attack

Answer 44

T cell binds to APC with epitope T cell binds to second protein on APC T cell replicates and makes a ton of effector and memory T cells killer T cells attack and helper T cells call ininterleukins

Question 45

what is the last step of T cell activation

Answer 45

interleukin secretion

Question 46

in regards to the role of a helper T cell: note: helper T cell binds to APC and things are released what is the nonspecific defense and what what is secreted what is humoral immunity and what is secreted what is cellular immunity and what is secreted

Answer 46

macrophage activity macrophage activating factor for other cytokines clonal selection of B cells interleukin and other cytokines colonel selection of killer T cells interleukin and other cytokines

Question 47

what attacks a dying cancer cell

Answer 47

T cells

Question 48

is humoral immunity more or less direct than cellular immunity

Answer 48

less

Question 49

what 2 things produce antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means

Answer 49

B lymphocytes and humoral immunity

Question 50

in regards to recognition in humoral immunity: what cell has thousands of surface receptors for one antigen activation begins when an antigen binds to several of these receptors, links them together, and is taken into the cell by receptor mediated _____ why are small molecules not antigenic

Answer 50

immunocompetent B cells endocytosis they are too small for several receptors

Question 51

what processes/ digests the antigen in recognition in humor immunity what are some of the epitopes linked to it by what does it do after this endocytosis

Answer 51

B cells MHC2 they are displayed on the surface of the cell

Question 52

attack and memory in humoral immunity: attack- antibodies bind to antigen, and either render it ____ or ___ it for destruction memory- some __ cells differentiate into memory cells

Answer 52

harmless tag it B cells

Question 53

sequence for humoral immune response: 1. antigen recognition 2. antigen presentation 3. clonal selection (what stimulates this) 4. differentiation 5. attack

Answer 53

immunocompetent B cells are exposed to antigens but ONLY with complementary receptors B cell internalizes antigen and displays epitope. Helper T cell then binds to it and secretes interleukin interleukin stimulates B cells to divide and forms a bunch of clones some clones turn into memory B cells but most become plasma cells plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies to render antigen harmless

Question 54

do plasma cells have many mitochondria do plasma cells have rough endoplasmic reticulum what cells do not have the aforementioned things

Answer 54

yes yes B cells

Question 55

for the primary response, RELATIVE TO EACHOTHER, how much IgM and IgG is there what about after a secondary response

Answer 55

about the same amount much more IgG