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anatomy exam 2 > innate immunity > Flashcards

innate immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

skin and mucosal membranes

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2
Q

what are the two second lines of defense

A

cellular processes

molecular defenses

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3
Q

what is a biologic agent capable of producing disease

what 3 things does it include

A

pathogen

viruses, bacteria, fungi

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4
Q

what defense mechanisms are leukocytes, macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever are

A

innate defense mechanisms

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5
Q

what type of immunity defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a memory of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

A

adaptive immunity

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6
Q

what two things make up innate immunity

what makes up adaptive immunity

A

skin and mucous membranes
innate defense mechanisms like leukocytes and macrophages

memory of pathogens in body

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7
Q

what type of immunity guards equally against a broad range of pathogens

what are the 3 characteristics of this immunity

A

innate

local
non specific
lacks memory

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8
Q

what are the 3 type of innate defenses

A

cells
protein
processes

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9
Q

what type of immunity is it when the body must develop a separate immunity to each pathogen

A

adaptive

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10
Q

what in the skin makes it tough

why is it bad for microbial growth

what two things make up the acid mantle that forms from sweat and sebum to ward off bacterial growth

what 3 peptides in the skin kill microbes (der____, def____, cat_____)(the skin defends the church)

A

keratin

too dry and nutrient poor

lactic and fatty acids

dermicidin, defensins, cathelicidins

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11
Q

what 4 tracts are protected by mucous membranes

what roll does the mucous play

what within these is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls

A

digesive
respiratory
urinary
reproductive

physically traps microbes

lysozymes

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12
Q

what is a viscous barrier of hyaluronic acid within a mucous membrane

what is the enzyme used by PATHOGENS to make hyaluronic acid less viscous

what is the noun that is responsible for early life from sea to transition to land

what is the adjective form of this word

A

subthelial areolar tissue

hyaluronidase

mucus

mucous

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13
Q

what cells secrete mucus

what does sebum do

A

goblet cells

secrete acids

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14
Q

what type of cells can kill using phagocytosis and digestion and why is this less efficient than the way named below to kill

what is the name for when these cells degranulate and produce a cloud of bactericidal chemicals to produce a killing zone

what 3 molecules are used for this cloud

A

neutrophils
only can kill 2 or 3 at a time

respiratory burst

peroxide, hydroclourous acid, oxygen

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15
Q

what cells are found especially in mucous membranes

what 2 things do they especially protect against

what two things do these cells kill tapeworms and roundworms with

A

eosinophils

allergens and parasites

oxides and toxic proteins

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16
Q

what cells promote action of basophils and mast cells

what do they phagocytize

what 2 things do they limit

A

eosinophils

antigen-antibody complexes

histamine and other inflammatory chemicals

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17
Q

what cells secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes

A

basophils

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18
Q

name these substances that basophils secrete-

activate and attracts neutrophils and eosinophils:

a vasodilator that increases blood flow and speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area:

inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility:

A

leukotrienes

histamine

heparin

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19
Q

what secrete the 3 things that basophils secrete but are a type of connective tissue similar to basophils

A

mast cells

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20
Q

what percentage of circulating blood contains the following:

T cells
B cells
NK cells

what is part of only innate
what is part of adaptive
what helps function in both

A

80%
15%
5%

NK
T,B
helper T

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21
Q

what emigrate from blood into connective tissue and transform into macrophages

A

monocytes

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22
Q

what is the system in the body that have all of the body’s avidly phagocytic cells except for leukocytes

what do wandering macrophages do

where are they ^ widely distributed in

what do fixed macrophages do

related to^, what are they called in:
the CNS:
lungs:
liver:

A

macrophage system

actively seek pathogens

connective tissue

phagocytize pathogens that come into them

microglia
alveolar
stellate

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23
Q

what are proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and innate immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

is this long or short term

what are the two families of these things

Study These Flashcards
A

antimicrobial proteins

short

interferons
complement

24
Q

what is the 3rd line of defense

Study These Flashcards
A

adaptive immunity

25
what are secreted by certain cells infected by viruses (realting to a antimicrobial protein pathway) are they of benefit to the cell that secretes them what do they do instead ^ what do ^ do what 2 things are also activated to destroy infected cells before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses what do ^ destroy
interferons no alert and bind to neighboring cells of pathogens synthesize defensive proteins natural killers and macrophages malignant cells
26
what is a group of 30 or more global proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate and adaptive immunity what are they synthesized mainly by what are they when in blood circulation what are they activated by
complement system liver inactive presence of pathogens
27
what type of immunity are the following COMPLEMENT activation pathways: classical: alternative: lectin: what are the 4 methods of pathogen destruction related to this system (____ ___, Pha____, cyt_____, in_____)
adaptive innate innate immune clearance phagocytosis cytolysis inflammation
28
what does the alternative pathway rely on
tagging in order to attack pathogens
29
what does the lectin pathway rely on
lectin binds to carbs on pathogens
30
what is always activated in the complement activation what type of reaction are these a part of
C3A and C3B cascade
31
what does the classical pathway rely on to form the reaction cascade
antigens binding to antibodies on the pathogen and binding sites are revealed
32
what does the alternative pathway rely on C3(a or b)
tagging pathogen with C3B makes sense bc C3A is inflammation and you cant "tag inflammation"
33
what does C3A deal with (4 methods of destroying pathogens)
inflammation
34
what does C3B deal with (4 ways to destroy pathogens) (3)
immune clearance phagocytosis cytolysis
35
in regards to the course of a fever: 1) infection and ____ secretion 2) _____ thermostat is reset to a higher set point 3) ____ (body temp rises) 4) ______ body temp oscillates around new set point 5) infection ends and set point returns to normal 6) _____ body temp returns to normal
pyrogen hypothalamic onset stadium defervescence
36
what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
redness swelling heat pain
37
ther
38
what are small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity as well as many other processes that cells must adhere to when secreted what are they secreted by
cytokines leukocytes
39
what are interferons interleukins tumor necrosis factor and chemotactic factors considered
cytokines
40
what results from hyperemia
heat
41
what is due to hyperemia and extravasted RBCs in the tissue
redness
42
what is due to increased fluid filtration from the capillaries
swelling (edema)
43
pain results from : direct injury to nerves pressure on nerves from _____ stimulation of pain receptors by _____ ____toxins Brady____
edema prostaglandins bacterial bradykinin
44
in regards to neutrophil behavior in inflammation: 1) what is secreted first 2) what happens as a result of increased permeability 3) how do the chemicals get out of the blood stream 4) how to the chemicals move to where they need to go 5) what is the overall action taking place to the bacteria
inflammatory chemicals margination diapedesis chemotaxis phagocytosis
45
what is inflammation trying to prevent what filters into tissue fluid clots by forming a sticky mesh that walls off microbes ---------------------------------------------------------- what prevents clotting at the site of injury where are pathogens when clotting does occur what 2 things attack the pathogens at that point
spreading of pathogens into the body fibrinogen heparin fluid filled pocket surrounding clot antibodies and phagocytes
46
how long does it take for neutrophils to accumulate and kill bacteria what are 2 ways they get around what are 2 ways they kill what do they secrete for recruitment of macrophages and other neutrophils
60 seconds diapedesis and chemotaxis phagocytosis and respiratory burst cytokines
47
what 2 things that secrete colony stimulating factor to stimulate leukopoesis
macrophages T cells
48
what condition would the following occur in: neutrophilia eosinophilia (2)
bacterial infection allergy or parasitic infection
49
what ar the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair how long do they arrive in to become macrophages what 3 things do they engulf
monocytes 8-12 hours bacteria damaged host cells dead neutrophils
50
what contributes to tissue cleanup by compressing veins and reducing venous drainage what valves does it force open for drainage what collect and remove things from the blood better than blood capillaries
edema lymphatic lymphatic
51
pus is a collection of bacteria, debris, and tissue fluid what granulocyte is also in the mix
neutrophils
52
what is secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in an injured area that helps with tissue cleanup and repair what does it stimulate to multiply what does it synthesize
platelet derived growth factor fibroblasts collagen
53
what delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis
hyperemia
54
what increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis and tissue repair
increased heat
55
what forms a scaffold for tissue reconstruction
fibrin clot
56
what makes us limit the use of a body part so it has a chance to rest and heal
pain
57

anatomy exam 2 (6 decks)

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