respiratory pressure and exchange

Question 1

is respiratory airflow governed by the same principles of flow, pressure, and resistance as blood flow

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

how is the flow of fluid proportional to the pressure difference between two points

Answer 2

directly

Question 3

how is the flow of fluid proportional to the resistance

Answer 3

inversely

Question 4

atmospheric pressure drives respiration, what is AP?

Answer 4

the weight of the air above us

Question 5

how many mm Hg is 1 atm

how does this change at higher elevations

Answer 5

760

its lower

Question 6

what law is this

the pressure of a gas increases as its volume increases, assuming a constant mass and pressure

pressure is proportional to ___/___

P1V1 = ___ ____

Answer 6

volume

1/V

P2V2

Question 7

how is the pressure that exists between the two pleural layers

Answer 7

slightly negative

Question 8

why is intrapleural pressure slightly negative

what recoils outward
what recoils inward

Answer 8

recoil causes lungs and chest wall to pull in opposite directions

chest wall
alveoli

Question 9

what is the transmural pressure euqation

neg or pos

Answer 9

alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure (both negative so it becomes positive)

Question 10

does pleural pressure become more or less negative during inspiration

what causes this

does the transpulmonary pressure increase

Answer 10

more negative

recoil is higher bc things are being stretched

increases trans pulmonary pressure

Question 11

what is the formula for transmural pressure

Answer 11

alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

Question 12

is intrapleural pressure + or -

Answer 12

-

Question 13

what is the law that the volume of a has is directly proportional to its absolute temp

Answer 13

Charles law

Question 14

when it is cold out, what is the temp that air must reach before it gets to the alveoli

how does this happen

what law is this

Answer 14

98.6

inhaled volume will expand

Charles law

Question 15

during quiet breathing, how do the dimensions of the thoracic cage change

^ is enough to increase its total volume by ____ mL, which flows into the respiratory tract

Answer 15

a few mm either direction

500

Question 16

when the lungs inflate, the volume of individual ____ inflate too

Answer 16

alveoli

Question 17

during inspiration, what happens to the ribs

Answer 17

they swing open like a bucket handle

Question 18

at rest, atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures are equal and there is ____ airflow

Answer 18

no

Question 19

what are the 3 directions that the thoracic cavity expands during inspiration

how much does intrapulmonary pressure drop below atmospheric pressure

how much does intrapleural pressure drop

Answer 19

laterally
vertically
anteriorly

1cm H2O

8cm H2O

Question 20

high pressure wants to flow to low pressure

what does this mean for inspiration

what does this mean for expiration

Answer 20

pressure must drop before air can reach the lungs

pressure must raise so air can leave the lungs

Question 21

how much does intrapulmonary pressure raise during expiration

how much does intrapleural pressure drop (or maybe __)

Answer 21

1 cm H2O

5 cm H2O (or maybe 3)

Question 22

what is the last step after expiration and before inspiration

Answer 22

pause

Question 23

how is passive/ relaxed breathing achieved

Answer 23

elastic recoil of thoracic cage

Question 24

in regards to relaxes breathing !

what does the elastic recoil of the thoracic cage do to the lungs

what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity

what happens to intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 24

compresses them

decreases

raises it by about 1 cm H2O

Question 25

what is required for forced breathing how much is the intrapulmonary pressure raised

Answer 25

accessory muscles 40 cm H2O +

Question 26

how is airflow proportional to resistance increased resistance, ___ airflow

Answer 26

inversely decreased

Question 27

what 2 factors influence airway resistance

Answer 27

bronchiole diameter pulmonary compliance

Question 28

epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation do what to the bronchioles

Answer 28

dilate them

Question 29

histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, and chemical irritants do what to the bronchioles

Answer 29

constrict them

Question 30

what does anaphylactic shock and asthma do to the bronchioles

Answer 30

constrict

Question 31

what is the ease with which the lungs can expand change in lung volume is relative to a given ____ change

Answer 31

pulmonary compliance pressure

Question 32

what happens to compliance in degenerative lung diseases what happens to resistance

Answer 32

reduced increased

Question 33

what happens to compliance in relation to the surface tension of the water film inside alveoli what is secreted by great cells of alveoli that disrupts hydrogen bonds between H2O and reduces surface tension what does ^ do to compliance AND resistance how is infant respiratory distress syndrome associated with this

Answer 33

limited by it surfactant increases compliance, reduces resistance they need to be treated with artificial surfactant till they can produce their own

Question 34

what is the only air available for gas exchange

Answer 34

that deals with alveoli

Question 35

how many mL is the anatomical dead space in the lungs does gas exchange occur here what can increase this dead space (but ends up being beneficial)

Answer 35

150mL no bronchodilation

Question 36

what is physiologic dead space made of

Answer 36

anatomical dead space + pathological alveolar dead space

Question 37

if a person inhales 500 mL air, and 150 mL stays in anatomical dead space, how much reaches alveoli what is the alveolar ventilation rate formula what is this measurement crucial for

Answer 37

350 mL air in alveoli x respiratory rate boys ability to get O2 to tissues and CO2 from tissues

Question 38

what is the pulmonary function test called

Answer 38

spirometry

Question 39

what is the maximum voluntary expiration

Answer 39

expiratory reserve volume

Question 40

what is the air that we cannot voluntarily expiate

Answer 40

residual volume

Question 41

what is the maximum that our lungs can inhale

Answer 41

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 42

what is the vital capacity

Answer 42

expiratory reserve + tidal + inspiratory reserve

Question 43

what is the functional residual capacity

Answer 43

expiratory reserve + residual volume

Question 44

what is inspiratory capacity

Answer 44

tidal + inspiratory reserve

Question 45

what is total lung capacity

Answer 45

the whole damn chart

Question 46

what is the % of vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval what is the normal range for 1 second

Answer 46

forced expiratory volume 75-85%

Question 47

what is the max speed of expiration where you blow into a hand held meter

Answer 47

peak flow

Question 48

what is the amount of air inhaled per minute what is the formula for this (intuitive)

Answer 48

minute respiratory volume tidal x respiratory rate

Question 49

what its he minute respiratory volume during heavy exercise called what is the range

Answer 49

maximum voluntary venitaltion 125-170 L/min

Question 50

what aids in the diagnosis and assessment of restrictive and obstructive disorders

Answer 50

spirometry

Question 51

what is it when airway diameter decreased due to inflammation and smooth muscle contractions or bronchiolar secretion what is difficult in these disorders what is greatly reduced

Answer 51

obstructive disorders move air in and our rapidly forced expiratory rate

Question 52

bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma are what kind of disorders

Answer 52

obstructive

Question 53

what is it when the normal ability to move air rapidly in an out of the lungs, but decreases in gas exchange why is it characterized by what is usually reduced

Answer 53

restrictive disorders reduction in pulmonary compliance total lung capacity

Question 54

what kind of disorders are edema and pneumonia

Answer 54

restrictive

Question 55

air composition %: N O CO2 water vapor

Answer 55

79 21 .04 0-4%

Question 56

what law is the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gasses what is the separate contribution of each gas in a mixture

Answer 56

daltons law partial pressure

Question 57

what are the 3 influences of the composition being different between the atmospheric and alveolar air

Answer 57

air is humidified in the body alveolar air mixes with residual air alveolar air does gas exchange

Question 58

in regards to the composition of air being different in atmosphere and alveoli: how much more humid is alveolar air than regular air what is oxygen diluted with in alveoli PO2 of alveolar air is ___ that of inspired air PCO2 is more than ___ higher

Answer 58

10x CO2 65% 130

Question 59

what is air in the alveolus in contact with during gas exchange what does this do to the oxygen so that it can pass through the membrane what must happen for CO2 to leave the blood (what does it go out of and what does it come into and how)

Answer 59

water covering alveolar epithelium it must dissolve in the water it must ass the other way and diffuse out of the water and into the alveolar air

Question 60

gasses diffuse down their gradients until the partial pressure of each gas in the air is = to its partial pressure in ____

Answer 60

water

Question 61

what law is that at the air/water interface for a given temp, the amount of has that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air the greater the PO2 in the alveolar air, the ___ O2 the blood picks up how does this relate to the fact that CO2 is released into the alveoli

Answer 61

henrys law greater blood has a higher PCO2 than air

Question 62

what cells are involved in gas exchange what does their ^ efficiency rely on

Answer 62

erythrocytes how long they stay in alveolar capillaries

Question 63

each gas in a mixture behaves ____ does one gas influence the diffusion of another

Answer 63

independently no

Question 64

normally: PO2 in alveolar air- blood- PCO2 in alveolar air- blood-

Answer 64

104 40 46 40

Question 65

what happens to the partial pressure of all gasses in high altitudes why does this have to do with oxygen diffusing into blood less in high altitudes what is the treatment for this called and what does it essentially do

Answer 65

lower less of a gradient hyperbaric oxygen therapy makes a steeper gradient by increasing pressure

Question 66

different values in blood capillaries vs systemic tissues: PO2: arriving in blood in tissue PCO2 arriving in blood in tissue

Answer 66

95 40 46 40

Question 67

gas exchange is due to the difference in the partial pressures in ____ vs ____ tissue

Answer 67

lung capillary

Question 68

CO2 is 20x ____ soluble as O2 this means that equal amounts of O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane because CO2 is ____ soluble and diffuses ____

Answer 68

more more rapidly

Question 69

is the alveolar membrane surface area large in proportion to how much blood they contain 100mL of blood over __m2 of capillaries

Answer 69

yes 70

Question 70

when the alveolar membrane is thicker, gasses have to travel farther and blood and air cannot ____ fast enough to keep up with blood flow what 2 things can cause this thickening

Answer 70

equilibrate pulmonary edema in left ventricle pneumonia

Question 71

perfusion coupling: when PCO2 rises, what happens to bronchioles

Answer 71

dilation

Question 72

elevated PO2 does what to blood vessels

Answer 72

vasodilation

Question 73

what coupling is this: blood flow (vascular changes) matches air flow

Answer 73

perfusion adjusted to changes in ventilation

Question 74

what coupling is this: result: airflow matches blood flow

Answer 74

ventilation adjusted to changes in perfusion