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Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Methods for Adaptive Immune System

Cell Mediated Immunity

A
  • T-cells
  • Attack own Cells to remove tumors or other infections
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2
Q

T-Cell Lymphocyte Types

A
  1. Cytotoxic - Atks
  2. Helper - assists immune response by activating macrophages and B-cells with cytokines
  3. Regulatory - Prevents Immune Responce
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3
Q

Methods for Adaptive Immune System

Humoral Immunity

A
  • Against outside forces
  • Uses B lymph → Antibodies
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4
Q

Receptors

TCR

A
  • T-Cell Receptors
  • Require MHC molecule / presentation of molecule
  • Have CD marker to identify antigen
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5
Q

Receptors

what is CD and what are the types?

A
  • cluster of differentiation
  • CD4 = Helper: HIV Binding Site
  • CD8 = cytotoxic
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6
Q

Receptors

BCR

A
  • B-cell Receptors
  • Shaped like antibody that is fixed
  • Binds to free-floating antigens
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7
Q

Costimulatory molecules

A
  • Created by dendritic cells if microbial component discovered
  • Attaches to surface of dendritic cell
  • Helps with proliferation of T-cells
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8
Q

B cell types

A
  1. Plasma Cells: effectors which produce antibodies
  2. Memory: Keeps a little antigen and produces antibodies at low level in secondary lymphatic organ
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9
Q

Antibodies

What do Antibodies do?

A
  1. Complement System Activation
  2. Neutralization
  3. Opsonization
  4. Immobilzation and no adherence
  5. Cross linking: connecting similar bacteria so they can more easily be consumed by macrophages
  6. Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity(ADCC)
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10
Q

Antibodies

What is Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity(ADCC)?

A
  • Surrounds cell in antibodies
  • Allows for NK cells to send in perforin and protease containing granules by NK attaching to Fc region
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11
Q

How to Increase # of T/B cells

A

Clonal Selection Theory

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12
Q

Clonal Selection Theory

A
  • If antigen perfectly matches to antibody, that lymphocyte will duplicate and create clones with exact same antibody
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13
Q

Immune Responces

Primary

A
  • Requires most amount of time as there is no natural immunity
  • Can allow fatal/ life threatening symptoms to emerge
  • high number of IgM in this Response
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14
Q

Immune Responses

2ndary

A
  • already have some basis for immunity
  • can fight of infection earlier and maybe without symptoms
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15
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A
  1. Naive: Have surface receptors but have not been activated
  2. Activated: Have been activated by an antigen or another cell which allows it to proliferate
  3. Effector: Attacks threat; doesn’t live long
  4. Memory: Reactivates when needed; lives long
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16
Q

Lymphatic System with Immune Resp.

A
  • Moves T/ B cells around body to match 1 epitope
  • Goes to lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs
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17
Q

Epitope

A

Specific part of antigen recognized by antibody

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18
Q

Lymphatic system

Lymphatic Vessel

A
  • Takes excess tissue fluid(lymph) and shuttles it around with antigens
  • if tissue is inflammed, it will send more fluid into vessles
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19
Q

Lymphatic System

Primary Organs

A
  1. Bone Marrow: Produces B lymphocytes
  2. Thymus: Matures T lymph
    - Go to secondary after fully maturated
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20
Q

Lymphatic System

Secondary Organs

A
  1. Nodes: Tissue cytokine transfer
  2. Spleen: Blood cytokine transfer
  3. Tonsils
    In these sites: Antigens meet Antibodies
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21
Q

Lymphatic System

Where do Antigens meet Antibodies?

A
  • Peyer’s Patches brought by dendritic cells and macrophages
  • Leads to MALT
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22
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucose Associated Lymphatic Tissue

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23
Q

Antigens

Immunogenic

Study These Flashcards
A

How much can they do/ how much of a response can they trigger

24
Q

Antigen

Types

Study These Flashcards
A
  • T- Dependent:
    • Most antigens
    • B-lymph require Th cell to activate
  • T- Independent:
    • B-lymph _do not_ require Th cell to activate
    • Examples: LPS and polysacc in general[want to have identical and repeating subunits]
25
# Cell-Mediated Immunity Antigen Presentation
how antigens are presented to TCR by MHC with short peptide fragments
26
# CMI Parts of TCR
- Top 2 are variable while bottom are constant - Left chain is alpha/ gamma(rarer) - Right is Beta/ delta(rarer) - connected by disulfide bond
27
# CMI Cross presentation
- Usually Dendrites - Shows both Classes of MHC
28
# CMI Requirements for T cell to proliferate
- Dendrite - MHC
29
# CMI Doesn't have both prolif requirements?
- Apoptosis OR - Becomes Treg
30
# CMI Antigen Presenting Cells
- Show to/through MHC Class II molecules - expowered by Th CD4 Examples: 1. macrophages 2. dendritic cells 3. B-cells
31
# CMI Types of Th
- Th 1 = Macrophages and Tc - Th 2 = Multicellular = Eosinophils and Basophils - Th 17: Neutrophils - Tfh = Humoral
32
# CMI What's special about Tfh?
- Impaced by Leprosy / Hansen's - Tailored by MAMPS
33
# CMI T-cell MHCs
- Th = MHC class II(exogenous) <-- antigen presenting cells - Tc = MHC class I(endogenous) <-- **recognize non-native pepetides**
34
# CMI What does Tc do when it recognizes non-native peptides?
- apoptosis of the host cell - How: - Perforin
35
# CMI How does Th activate macrophages?
- Through cytokines which are sent because: - macrophage recognized non-native peptides - What happens? - Increased metabolism - Increased amount of lysosomes
36
# Humoral - Antibodies IgM
1. 5-13% 1. 10 days 1. in primary responce 1. activate t-independent antigens 1. Pentameters 1. deal with blood infections 1. work in classical pathway
37
# Humoral - Antibodies IgG
1. 80-85% 1. 21 days - longest lasting 1. in secondary response 1. does all killing: 1. can cross placenta and is in colostrum
38
# Humoral - Antibodies IgA
1. 10-13% 1. 6 days 1. Most in saliva: Works with mucosal immunity 1. salivary (sIgA) IgA works in breast milk to provide immunity
39
# Humoral - Antibodies IgD
1. < 1% 1. 3 days 1. Activation and Development of Immune Response
40
# Humoral - Antibodies IgE
1. 0.01% 1. 2 days 1. Attaches to basophils and mast cells by Fc to let them release their granules in response to parasites 1. May play a part in allergic rxns
41
# Humoral - Antibodies Colostrum
- first breast milk
42
# Humoral Germinal Center
- in secondary organs - Direct B cells for response alongside Th cells - take in proliferating B cells
43
# Humoral What is Affinity Maturation
- A rough? natural selection of BCR mutations - the better the binding with antigens, the more it is favored
44
# Humoral What is Class Switching
* Switching which class of Ig produced - Usually IgM produced - Can be switched to IgG in lymph nodes - OR IgA in MALT
45
# Humoral What do Memory cells do?
- Promote the activities of Germinal Centers - Release cytokines - have a slow and steady supply of antibodies after infection is over - direct secondary immune responce
46
# Humoral Why is secondary response faster?
- use CMI and humoral - Faster and more efficient - uses less antigens to activate and proliferate b cells
47
# Humoral-secondary How do memory cells play a role?
- immediately go to memory cells - promote A.M. and C.S. - need to perfect less because memory cell already very close to the infection which leads to high amounts of IgG beinh produced to fight infection
48
# Lymphocyte Development Selection of Self Reactive lymphocytes: Negative
- B-cells: eliminate 'self' binders which are **most**, then they are dead - T-cells: if they have self peptide recognition on their MHC, then they are dead = **95%**
49
# Lymphocyte Development Selection of Self Reactive lymphocytes: Positive
- If a T cell has MHC, then they live!
50
# Lymphocyte Development Problem
- Too many unique epitopes to have with only 25,000 genes
51
# Lymphocyte Development Gene Arrangement
* Join various segments together - **V**ariety = 40 - **D**iversity =25 - **J**oining = 6 - Makes up both heavy and light chain variability --> 2x the variety and even more combinations!!!!!
52
# Humoral How does T-independent Response work?
* A polysaccaride(such as LPS) is recognized by BCR due to its identical repeating subunits leading to identical epitopes - there is simultaneous BCR attachments and activation
53
# Humoral Hapten
- Binds to BCR - Responds with large carrier compound
54
# Humoral Conjugate vaccine
- Uses a protein to covert a Independent antigen to a dependent antigen
55
# Humoral NK cells
- Use ADCC - attach via Fc of IgG antibodies and release perforin and protease containing granules - do some regulation with cytkines - kill MCH class I cells that are stressed

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