DNA Replication Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Okazaki Fragments
A
Lagging strands when DNA goes from 5’-3’ in backwards direction of helicase
2
Q
Start Codon
A
AUG
3
Q
Stop Codons
A
UAA
UAG
UGA
4
Q
tRNA start
A
- Start at AUG
- P-site
- Form methionine
5
Q
Inducible enzymes
A
- Need to be started and are usually off
- Lac operon
6
Q
Repressible
A
- To be stopped
*
7
Q
Ribosome Subunits
A
30s and 50s
8
Q
Bond between Amino Acids
A
Peptide Bonds
9
Q
tRNA matching site?
A
anticodon to mRNA codon
10
Q
Pairs of Nucleotide bases
A
A:C
T/U : G
11
Q
Polysome
A
Polyribosome
multiple ribosomes binding to mRNA strand
MAKES IT POLYCISTRONIC
12
Q
Eukaryote mRNA
A
- pre-mRNA
- Protection at front(5’) with capping(methylated guanine)
- Protection at back(3’) with adenylation(200+ Adenines)
STABLIZATION when exiting nucleus to go to ribosomes
13
Q
Eukaryote Subunits
A
40S
60S
14
Q
Bacteria vs Archaea
Differences
A
- Bacteria: Can Peptidoglycan
- Archaea: Doesn’t have peptidoglycan; can have pseudo-peptidoglycan and s-factors
15
Q
Types of Eukaryotes
A
- Algae
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Helminths
16
Q
Acellular Organisms
Viruses
A
- DNA or RNA
- Have protein coat
- Use host machinery and nutrients to replicate
17
Q
Acellular Organisms
Viroids
A
- RNA ONLY
- No Protein Coat
- Use host machinery and nutrients to replicate
18
Q
Acellular Organisms
Prions
A
- Only proteins
- Cause normal cellular proteins to misfold
19
Q
Speciation
Which species lack a cell wall
A
Mycoplasma
20
Q
Speciation
What species produces endospores?
A
- Bacillus
- Clostridium
21
Q
Speciation
What species are Acid-fast Stains done on?
A
Mycobacterium
22
Q
Peritrichous
A
Flagella surrounding
23
Q
Speciation
Which species for diplococci
A
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
24
Q
Polar
A
Flagellum on one end
25
Other Shapes!
Vibrio, spirillum, sporiochete, Pleomorphic
26
# Speciation
What species forms **Chains**?
Streptococcus
27
# Speciation
What species forms **Packets**?
Sarcina
28
# Speciation
What does **clusters**
Staphylococcus
29
# Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Flagella
Movement
30
# Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Pili
* Fimbrae: Stickiness
* Twitching or gliding motility
* Sex: DNA transfer
31
# Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Capsule
* Distinct and Gelatinous
* Sticking and avoid defence city
32
# Outside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Slime layer
* Diffuse and Irregular
* Adhere to surfaces
33
# Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Gram-positive
* Thick Peptidoglycan with NAM and NAG
* Tetoic Acids and Lipotetoic acids
34
# Speciation
What are **Gram-Positive** species?
* Bacillus
* Staphylococcus
* Streptococcus
35
# Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Gram-negative
* Thin Peptidoglycan
* Has outer membrane
* Has LPS(lipidpolysaccharide)
36
# Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Chromosome
Carries genetic info of cell
37
# Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Plasmid
* Only advantageous genetic information
38
# Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Endospore
* Dormant cell
* Resistant to everything
39
# Inside of Cell Wall Structures-Prokaryotes
Rest
Cytoskeleton, Gas Vesicles, Granules, Ribosomes
40
# Speciation
what are **Gram-Negative** species?
* Escherichia
* Neisseria
* Pseudomonas
41
# T
Psychro-
* COLD lovers
* - phile: -5-->15 degrees C
* -troph: 15-->30 degrees
42
# T
Meso-
Middle
* -Phile: 25-45 degrees C
43
# T
Thermo-
* HEAT
* -phile: 45-70 degrees
* hyper-/-phile: 70+ degrees
44
# O2
Aerobes
Want O2
* Obligate: Requires and has both superoxide desmutase and catalase
* Facultative: Does better with it but doesn't need; has both
45
# O2
Anaerobes
* Obligate: No O2; has neither superoxide desmutase and catalase
46
# O2
Special Cases
* Microaerophile: Wants a little O2; has both superoxide desmutase and catalase in low quantites
* Aerotolerant Anaerobe/Obligate Fermenters: Indifferent to O2; has superoxide desmutase not catalase
47
# pH
Neutrophile
neutral pH
48
# pH
Acidophile
Likes acidic pH(below 5.5)
49
# pH
Alkalophile
greater than 8.5
50
# Salt
Halotolerant
10% NaCl
51
# Salt
Halophile
REALLY Salty
52
Elements
C,H,O,N,P,S
* CHO: Carbs
* CHONP: Nucleic Acid
* CHONS: Amino Acids
53
# Speciation
What is a **fastidious** bacteria
Neisseria
54
Quinones
Move electrons between complexes
55
Cytochrome
Heme
56
Flavoproteins
FAD synth and removal of their hydrogens
57
# Central Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
58
# Central Metabolic Pathways
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
NADPH
Erythrose --> protein synth
ribose -->DNA
glyceraldehyde --> glycolysis
59
# Central Metabolic Pathways
Transition Step
CO2 removed and NADH created
Acetyl CoA
60
# Central Metabolic Pathway
TCA Cycle
Krebs / Citric
2 CO2
6 ATP
6 NADH
6 FADH2
Precursor metabolites
61
Direct Cell Counts
Direct Microscopic Count
Cell-counting instruments
62
Viable Cell Counts
* Plate Count
* Membrane Filtration
* Most Probable Number
63
Measuring Biomass
* Turbidity
* Total Weight
64
# Speciation
What **lacks electron transport chain**?
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
65
# Bacteria DNA Replication
DNA Gyrase
Stops spiraling of DNA
66
# DNA Replication
DNA ligase
Attaches okazaki fragments
67
# DNA Replication
DNA polymerase
lays down nucleotides for replication
68
# DNA Replication
Helicases
split DNA
69
# DNA
Primase
Makes primer from RNA
70
# DNA REp
Primer
Starting point for DNA polymerase
71
# DNA repilcation
Replisome
Complex of enzymes and other porteins that synth/copies DNA
72
Where does TCA happen in the gram negative cell
Cytosol
