Applications of Immune Response Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Immunity Types
Natural
A
- From Infection
2
Q
Immunity Types
Artificial
A
- From Immunizations
3
Q
Artificial Types
Passive
A
- Given antibodies
- By Injection or pregnancy/brestfeeding
- NO Immunilogical memory
4
Q
Artificial Types
Active
A
- Antigen Exposure
- Leads to immunity and immuniological memory
5
Q
Giving Passive Immunity?
A
- Antiserum –>(if with toxins) Antitoxins
- Immune globulin
- IgG from many donors
- Hyperimmune globulin: against specific disease
6
Q
What is a Vax?
What is a Vax?
A
Active Immunity
7
Q
What is a Vax?
Herd Immunity
A
- Not enough hosts for the virus to spread
- Protect unvax and immunocompromised
- Decrease in childhood diseases
8
Q
What is a Vax?
Vax Requirements
A
- Safe
- Few side effects
8
Q
What is a Vax?
Attenuated
A
- Weakened form of pathogen formed through mutations or genetic manipulations
9
Q
Vax Types
Attentuated Advantages
A
- Only one dose required for long lasting immunity
- Immunize others through spreading
10
Q
Vax Types
Attenuated Disadv
A
- Can mutate back to pathogenic form
- Requires refrigeration
- Not for pregnant women
- Can cause dissesed in immunosuppressed
11
Q
Vax Types
Inactivated
A
- Non replicable pathogen but still immunogenic
12
Q
Vax Types
Inactivated Advantages
A
- Can’t cause disease
- Dont require refridge
13
Q
Vax Types
Inactivated Disadv
A
- No replication –> Amplification
- Several boosters needed
14
Q
Vax Types
Adjuvant
A
- Enhances immune response to antigens
- Provide danger signals to dendritic cells
- trigger Immune response
- Slowly release antigen
- Not great in humans because causes huge immune response
15
Q
Inactivated Types
Inactivated Whole Agent Vax
A
- Killed microorg or inactivated viruses
- Treated with formalin –> No significant change to surface epitopes
16
Q
Inactivated Types
Toxoid
A
- Against toxins
- Remove toxins and retain antigenic epitopes
17
Q
Inactivated Types
Subunit
A
- Key protein anitgens or antigenic fragments
- No cell parts to cause side effects
18
Q
Inactivated Types
VLP(virus-like particle)
A
- empty capsids
19
Q
Inactivated Types
Recombinant subunit
A
- Gen. engineered subunit vax
20
Q
Inactivated Types
Polysacc
A
- Contains Polysacc from capsules
- Not effective in young children
21
Q
Inactivated Types
Conjugate
A
- add protein to polysacc –> t-dependent antigen
22
Q
Inactivated Types
Nucleic acid-based
A
- Based on DNA or mRNA from infection agent
- Produced antigen in vivo –> immune response
23
Q
MMRV
A
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Varicella
24
DTaP-IPV-Hib
1. Diptheria
2. Tetnus
3. Pertussis
4. Polio
5. Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
6. HepB
25
Immunotherapies
- Can either increase or decrease immune response
- Used in cancer treatment, but also infection and metabolic disease
- **PROBLEM**: Major side effects
26
# Immunomodulators
Adjuvants
- Increase immune system
- Impact TLRs and treat skin cancer
27
# Immunomodulators
Cytokines
- Direct Immune Cell Activities
- IL-2: Proliferation of T cells
- ILN-a: Increase tumor surveillance by T cells
28
# Immunomodulators
Checkpoint inhibitors
- Reduce immune response
- Revolutionized cancer treatments
29
Monoclonal Antibodies
| -mab, MAb, mAb, mab
- Antibodies made to from B-cell that responds to single epitope
- Only in lab response
30
# Monoclonal Antibodies
Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibodies
| rhuMab, -zumab
- gen engineering animal based antibody molecule to make it for humans
- has a longer half life and is less destroyed by human immune sys
31
Passive Immunotherapy
* Theraputic Monoclonal Antibodies
* Gives immune responce necessary components
32
# Serology
Serum
- Fluid portion of blood after clots
33
Plasma
Portion of fluid treated to prevent clotting
34
Seronegative
- Has not encountered antigen
35
Seropositive
- Has had an infection recently or now to an antigen
36
Immunoassay
* Use antibody-antigen interactions to detect or quantify given antigens or antibodies
37
Goals of Immunoassay
1. ID unknown Pathogen
2. Understanding if patient has current or past infection
38
Titer
- Last dilution that gives detectable antigen-antibody reaction
39
Anti-human IgG antibodies
- Produced by animals given IgG
- Are invaluable to immunoassays as they prove the creation of IgG
39
Polyclonal Antibodies
- Found in nature
- one B-cell has multiple epitopes recongnition and binding
40
Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)
- Immuno-toxin theraputics
- Mab tagged with drug or toxin delivered to specific cells in vivo
41
# Immunoassay types
Direct Immunoassays
* Directly ID antigen
42
Indirect immunoassays
- Detect specific antibodies
43
Fluorescent antibody (FA) test
- Fluoresence microscopy to label antibodies bound to antigens
- Can use different colored labels for multiple pathogens
44
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA!!!) Types
| or ELA
Direct and Indirect
45
Pregnancy Test
Detect hCG
46
Covid test: Direct ELISA
Spike antigen
47
Indirect ELISA Testing
- for antibodies to HIV: blood test
- False positives --> Western Blotting test
48
Fluorescence-activated cell sorter(FACS)
- Counts and sorts cells with fluorescent antibodies
- Can track HIV progression
49
Aggultination reactions
* antibodies crosslinking larger cells or molecules togther
50
Direct Agglutination Test(DAT)
- Antibody mixed with antigen
- binding yields clumping
51
Passive Aggultination
- Small antigens
- latex beads used to form larger aggregates
- Attack to antibodies or antigens
52
Precipitate reaction
- Cross linking of antigens to antibodies
53
Zone of optimal proportions
- Area in gel where antigen and antibody conectrations are right to form precip
54
Ouchterlony Technique
- Demonstrate immunodiffusion test
- shows zones of optimal proportions
