Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

What are the two main branches of the immune system?

Answer 1

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Question 2

What characterizes adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

Specificity and memory.

Question 3

What triggers an adaptive immune response?

Answer 3

Antigens.

Question 4

What are antigens?

Answer 4

Molecules that stimulate a response by T and B cells; molecules the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack

Question 5

What are epitopes?

Answer 5

3D regions on antigens that antibodies or TCRs bind to.

Question 6

What is an immunogen?

Answer 6

A molecule that provokes an immune response.

Question 7

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 7

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Question 8

What is humoral immunity mediated by?

Answer 8

B cells and antibodies.

Question 9

What is cell-mediated immunity mediated by?

Answer 9

T cells.

Question 10

What do B cells differentiate into?

Answer 10

Plasma cells and memory B cells.

Question 11

What is the role of plasma cells?

Answer 11

To produce antibodies.

Question 12

What do memory B cells do?

Answer 12

Provide long-term immunity.

Question 13

What are the main types of T cells?

Answer 13

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells.

Question 14

What do helper T cells do?

Answer 14

Helps regulate B cells and macrophages by providing necessary signals and growth factors; Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Question 15

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 15

Kill infected cells.

Question 16

What is the role of regulatory T cells?

Answer 16

Suppress immune response to prevent autoimmunity.

Question 17

What is clonal selection?

Answer 17

Activation and expansion of lymphocytes with specific receptors.

Question 18

What is clonal expansion?

Answer 18

Proliferation of activated lymphocytes.

Question 19

What is immunological memory?

Answer 19

Ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly on second exposure.

Question 20

What are the five classes of antibodies?

Answer 20

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD.

Question 21

What is the most abundant antibody in circulation?

Answer 21

IgG.

Question 22

Which antibody is the first produced during an infection?

Answer 22

IgM.

Question 23

Which antibody is important in mucosal immunity?

Answer 23

IgA.

Question 24

Which antibody is involved in allergic reactions?

Answer 24

IgE.

Question 25

What is the function of IgD?

Answer 25

Functions mainly as a receptor on B cells.

Question 26

What are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules?

Answer 26

Glycoproteins found in the membranes of nucleated cells of vertebrate animals that present antigens to T cells; hold & position antigenic epitopes for presentation to immune cells; can only show antigens that are made of proteins

Question 27

What cells express MHC class I?

Answer 27

All nucleated cells.

Question 28

What cells express MHC class II?

Answer 28

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

Question 29

What is antigen processing and presentation?

Answer 29

Mechanism by which cells display antigen on MHC molecules.

Question 30

What does the T cell receptor (TCR) do?

Answer 30

Recognizes antigens bound to MHC molecules.

Question 31

What is the primary immune response?

Answer 31

The initial response to an antigen.

Question 32

What is the secondary immune response?

Answer 32

A faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.

Question 33

What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

Answer 33

A cell that displays antigen with MHC to T cells.

Question 34

What is neutralization in terms of antibodies?

Answer 34

Block the activity of an antigen; blocking pathogen binding to host cells.

Question 35

What is opsonization?

Answer 35

Coating of pathogen by antibodies to enhance phagocytosis.

Question 36

What is agglutination?

Answer 36

Clumping of pathogens by antibodies: Each antibody has 2 can bind to 2 epitopes at once... numerous antibodies can aggregate antigens together...agglutination of soluble molecules causes them to become insoluble & precipitate...increases the chances of phagocytosis and/or being filtered out of the blood by spleen

Question 37

What are naïve lymphocytes?

Answer 37

Lymphocytes that have not yet encountered an antigen.

Question 38

What does the CD4 marker identify?

Answer 38

Helper T cells.

Question 39

What does the CD8 marker identify?

Answer 39

Cytotoxic T cells.

Question 40

The types of T helper cells and their functions.

Answer 40

Type 1: assist macrophage and regulate immunity Type 2: assist B cells and humoral immunity