Microbial Metabolism Chp 8

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism.

Question 2

What are the two types of metabolic reactions?

Answer 2

Catabolism and anabolism.

Question 3

What is catabolism?

Answer 3

Breaking down molecules to release energy.

Question 4

What is anabolism?

Answer 4

Building molecules using energy.

Question 5

What are hydrolytic reactions?

Answer 5

Reactions that use water to break bonds.

Question 6

What are dehydration synthesis reactions?

Answer 6

Reactions that release water to form bonds.

Question 7

What is ATP and why is it important in metabolism?

Answer 7

Adenosine triphosphate; primary energy currency of the cell.

Question 8

What is an apoenzyme?

Answer 8

An inactive enzyme that requires a cofactor or coenzyme.

Question 9

What is a holoenzyme?

Answer 9

An active enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and cofactor/coenzyme.

Question 10

What are cofactors and coenzymes?

Answer 10

Non-protein molecules that help enzymes function.

Question 11

Give examples of important coenzymes.

Answer 11

NAD+, NADP+, FAD.

Question 12

What is an enzyme and what is its role in metabolism?

Answer 12

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.

Question 13

What is activation energy?

Answer 13

The energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Question 14

How do enzymes work to speed up reactions?

Answer 14

By lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

Question 15

What is the suffix commonly found in enzyme names?

Answer 15

Enzymes typically end in ‘-ase’.

Question 16

What are hydrolases and ligases?

Answer 16

Hydrolases break molecules using water; ligases join molecules.

Question 17

What are electron carriers?

Answer 17

Molecules that transport electrons within cells.

Question 18

Give examples of electron carriers.

Answer 18

NAD+, NADP+, FAD.

Question 19

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 19

A chemical reaction involving electron transfer.

Question 20

What does oxidation mean?

Answer 20

Loss of electrons, making a molecule more positive.

Question 21

What does reduction mean?

Answer 21

Gain of electrons, making a molecule more negative.

Question 22

What does OIL RIG stand for?

Answer 22

Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain.

Question 23

What are autotrophs?

Answer 23

Organisms that obtain carbon from CO2.

Question 24

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 24

Organisms that obtain carbon from organic molecules.

Question 25

What are phototrophs?

Answer 25

Organisms that use light as an energy source.

Question 26

What are chemotrophs?

Answer 26

Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals.

Question 27

What are chemoautotrophs?

Answer 27

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic sources.

Question 28

What are chemoheterotrophs?

Answer 28

Organisms that obtain energy from organic sources.

Question 29

What are lithotrophs?

Answer 29

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic compounds.

Question 30

What are the three mechanisms for ATP generation?

Answer 30

Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation.

Question 31

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 31

ATP production by direct phosphate transfer.

Question 32

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 32

ATP production via the electron transport chain.

Question 33

What is photophosphorylation?

Answer 33

ATP production using light energy.

Question 34

What is glycolysis?

Answer 34

The process of breaking glucose into pyruvate.

Question 35

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

Answer 35

Energy investment phase and energy payoff phase.

Question 36

What are the net products of glycolysis?

Answer 36

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules.

Question 37

What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions?

Answer 37

Converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle.

Question 38

What is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions?

Answer 38

Undergoes fermentation.

Question 39

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 39

A process of generating ATP in the presence of oxygen.

Question 40

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 40

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.

Question 41

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 41

A series of reactions that extract energy from acetyl-CoA.

Question 42

What are the main products of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 42

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 per glucose.

Question 43

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Answer 43

A series of membrane-bound proteins that transfer electrons.

Question 44

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Answer 44

Oxygen.

Question 45

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 45

Proton movement down a gradient to generate ATP.

Question 46

How many ATP molecules are generated from aerobic respiration?

Answer 46

Up to 38 ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 47

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 47

ATP production without oxygen, using alternate electron acceptors.

Question 48

What are alternative final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 48

Nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide.

Question 49

What is fermentation?

Answer 49

Anaerobic energy production converting glucose to organic products.

Question 50

What are the two main types of fermentation?

Answer 50

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Question 51

What are the main products of fermentation?

Answer 51

Lactic acid, ethanol, carbon dioxide.

Question 52

What is photosynthesis and how does it relate to metabolism?

Answer 52

A process that converts light energy into chemical energy.