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Immunology Week 1 Cards > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Specificity

A

Ensures immune response to a microbe (or nonmicrobial antigen) is targest to that microbe (or antigen)

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2
Q

Diversity

A

Very diverse: somatic recombination of gene segments responsible for generating array of antibodies

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3
Q

Memory

A

Increases ability to combat repeat infections by same microbe

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4
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Increases number of antigen specific lymphocytes to keep pase with microbes

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5
Q

Specialization

A

generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

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6
Q

Contraction and homeostasis

A

Allows immune system to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to newly encountered antigens

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7
Q

Nonreactivity to self

A

Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign antigens

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8
Q

another name for determinants

A

epitope: the part of the antigen recognized by specific lymphocytes

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9
Q

How do lymphocytes achieve such fine ability to distinguish between antigens?

A

specificity and variety of cell surface receptors

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10
Q

Total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocyte….name and number…

A

lymphocyte repertoire; 107-109 distinct antigenic determinants

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11
Q

Primary and Secondary immune response

A

Primary: slow, produces antibody
Secondary: faster, larger, qualitatively different from the first

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12
Q

Antibodies produced by primary and secondary responses: how do they differ

A

secondary typically have a higher affinity for the epitope than the primary antibodies

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13
Q

Memory cells versus primary response cells

A

memory cells have features that make them more efficient, and they operate more rapidly

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14
Q

humoral and cell mediated immunity are elicited by

different ______ or _____ and at different ______ of _____

A

classes of microbes or at different stages of infection

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15
Q

Contraction of immune response is called the

A

return to resting stage, or homeostasis

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16
Q

Why does contraction occur?

A

Immune responses are launched to eliminate antigens; so the process wanes as the stimulus dies

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17
Q

Tolerance is also called

A

non-reactivity to self

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18
Q

Nonreactivity to self is maintained via

A

elimination of reactive lymphoctyes, inactivating them, or suppressing them

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19
Q

Regulation of immune responses

A

through positive feedback loops = amplify reaction

control mechanisms = prevent inappropriate reactions

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20
Q

T lymphocytes consist of distinct subpopulations. What are they called?

A

helper T cells and cytotoxic (cytolytic) T lymphocytes

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21
Q

antigenic ____ causes —> ___ cells to release ____

A

helper T cells to release cytokines

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22
Q

helper T cells secrete what in reaction to what?

A

cytokines, antigenic stimulation

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23
Q

cytokines secreted by helper T cells do what?

A

stimulate proliferation/differentiation of more T Cells, B cells, macrophages, and other leukocytes.

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24
Q

CTLs do what

A

kill cells that produce foreign antigens such as infected cells, virus infected cells or other intracellular microbes

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25
Regulatory T cells: function
to suppress immune response when its unneeded
26
This is a small population of T lymphocytes that produce a cell surface protein. What is it, what's its function?
Natural killer cells (NKT) | destroy infected cells (not microbes, but infected cells)
27
APCs
antigen presenting cells
28
The most specialized APC are the
dendritic cells
29
APCs do what
capture external antigens, transport them to lymphoid organs, present to naive T lymphocytes to initiate immune response
30
Antigen elimination often requires what kind of cell?
effector cell
31
What cells are dubbed "effector cells"
mononuclear phagocytes, activated T lymphocytes, and other leukocytes
32
how does innate immune system block microbes?
Main barriers of defense include skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract.
33
Epithelia is important, why?
main "interfaces" between inside and outside the body
34
Main two mechanisms of innate cellular immunity
1. inflammation | 2. antiviral defense
35
Inflammation: how does it work
process of leukocyte recruitment and plasma proteins from the blood, their accumulation in tissues, and activation to destroy microbes many activities involve cytokines produced by dendritic cells
36
Main cells involved in inflammation
leukocytes and plasma proteins
37
Innate immunity is the " ______" stage of immunity
decision making stage it "evaluates" the invader in the context of intracellular vs extracellular microbes and then provides instructions to adaptive immunity
38
Cell communication is through
cell-to-cell signaling and cytokines and chemokines
39
Specific Signaling Receptors detect what?
specific cytokines
40
Functions of cytokines
growth, differentiation, activation of effector functions chemokines assist in mobility of cells
41
T cells ---> ___ immunity?
cell-mediated (cellular immunity)
42
B cells ---? ____ immunity?
humoral involves production of immunoglobulins
43
Cellular immunity: a. who mediates it? b. against what? c. the function of CI d. dual function
a. mediated by T-lymphocytes b. fights intracellular infection c. destruction of microbes residing in phagocytes, or killing of infected cells to eliminate them d. assist B cells make effective antibodies
44
Humoral Immunity a. who mediates it? b. against what? c. the function of HI d. Details
a. Mediated by antibodies (Abs) in blood and mucosal secretions, produced by B lymphocyte b. extracellular microbes c. production of Abs to recognize, neutralize microbes, or target them for destruction by various effector mechanisms d. Effector mechanism refers to the recruitment of cells that recognize antigens on microbes and destroy them
45
Immunopathology =
tissue damage caused by invasive microbes
46
Define antigens, and what do they include?
substances which induce an immune response carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
47
The smallest unit to which an antibody can be made is
6 amino acids or 5-6 sugar residues
48
Describe the "smallest antigenic determinant"
6 amino acids or 5-6 sugar residues
49
The FULL name of the structure antibodies bind to
conformational antigenic determinant
50
conformational antigenic determinant relies on the
folding of the molecules
51
T cell receptors recognize
linear amino acid sequences
52
Ags which stimulate an immune response are called
immunogens
53
All _______ are antigens but not all _____ are ______
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
54
Haptens
very small molecules that can bind to Abs and TCRs, but can't initiate an immune response
55
Innate immunity reacts to
products of microbes and injured cells
56
In humoral immunity ___ cells do what?
secrete antibodies that neutralize infection and eliminate extracellular microbes
57
In cell mediated immunity
T-helper cells activate macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroy infected cells
58
Clonal Selection occurs how?
lymphocytes possessing specific Ag receptors bind to Ag, triggerign proliferation and differentiation, giving rise to clone cells speicific for Ag
59
Clone cells do what?
act in the presence of specific Ag to neutralize or eliminate Ag
60
"Ag-specific cells" late in the immune response, is responsible for what?
responsible for the 'memory' involved in adaptive immunity
61
B lymphocyte ---> 1 ---> 2 ---> outcomes
1. antigen recognition 2. differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells 3. neutralization of microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation
62
Helper T Cell ---> 1 --> 2 --> outcomes
1. microbial antigen presented by antigen presenting cell to HTC 2. Helper T lymphocyte releases cytokines 3. cytokines can a. activate macrophages b. inflammation c. activation (proliferation and differentiation) of T and B lymphocytes
63
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) --> 1 ---> outcomes
1. infected cell expresses microbial antigen to CTL | 2. CTL kills infected cell directly
64
Regulatory T lymphocyte --> 1 --> outcome
RTL suppresses other lymphocytes to reduce immune activity
65
the elimination of the antigen is called the
"effector stage"
66
Describe stage of antigen recognition to immune memory 4 parts
1. Antigen presenting cells interact with naive B and T lymphocytes, 2. B/T lymphocytes proliferate via clonal selection into a. antibody producing plasma cells b. effector T cells 3. Contraction homeostasis a. cells die by apoptosis 4. surviving cells are memory cells

Immunology Week 1 Cards (7 decks)

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