Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Adaptive immunity requires ____ before it can defend

Answer 1

expansion/differentiation of lymphocytes in response to pathogens

Question 2

Recognition mechanisms of adaptive immunity

Answer 2

Slow, variable, specific, improves throughout response

Question 3

Functions of adaptive immunity

Answer 3

1. recognition of specific antigens in presence of self during antigen presentation 2. generation of response to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or infected cells 3. development of immunological memory

Question 4

Two types of adaptive immune responses

Answer 4

1. Humoral 2. Cell-mediated

Question 5

Humoral immunity is mediated by

Answer 5

Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes

Question 6

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by

Answer 6

T lymphocytes

Question 7

Types of lymphocytes

Answer 7

1. B 2. helper T 3. cytotoxic T 4. regulatory T 5. Natural killer cells (INNATE)

Question 8

Microbe/Responding Lymphocyte/Effector Mechanisms/Functions in Adaptive Immunity: Humoral

Answer 8

Extracellular microbes, B lymphocytes secrete antibodies to block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

Question 9

Microbe/Responding Lymphocyte/Effector Mechanisms/Functions in Adaptive Immunity: Cell-mediated

Answer 9

1. Phagocytosed microbes in macrophages, helper T cells activate macrophage to eliminate phagocytosed microbes 2. Intracellular microbes replicating within infected cells (viruses), cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell to kill infected cells/eliminate reservoirs

Question 10

Effector cells

Answer 10

Develop from naive cells, eliminate antigens 1. B –> plasma cells 2. CD4 T –> T helper cells (produce cytokines) 3. CD8 T –> CTLs

Question 11

Stages of life history of lymphocytes

Answer 11

Naive cell –> effector lymphocyte –> memory lymphocyte 1. Antigen recognition (N) 2. Proliferation (N -> E) 3. Differentiation (E, or E-> M)

Question 12

Antibodies vs TCRs

Answer 12

Antibodies: expressed as membrane receptor or secreted as proteins T-cell antigen receptors: only membrane receptors Both require signaling complexes

Question 13

Antibodies vs TCRs

Answer 13

Antibodies: expressed as membrane receptor or secreted as proteins T-cell antigen receptors: only membrane receptors Both require signaling complexes

Question 14

Antigens recognized by B cell receptor (Ab/Ig)

Answer 14

Macromolecules: proteins, poly saccharides, lipids, nucleic acids) and small chemicals Conformational and linear epitopes

Question 15

Antigens recognized by T cell receptor

Answer 15

Peptides displayed by MHC molecules on APCs Linear epitopes

Question 16

Antibodies (5 main, which are monomers, ranking concentration)

Answer 16

IgA,D,G,M,E Monomers: IgD,E,M IgG > A > M > E > D

Question 17

Antibody functions

Answer 17

IgA: mucosal immunity IgD: Naive B cell antigen receptor IgE: defense against helminthic parasites, immediate hypersensitivity IgG: opsonization, complement activation, Ab dependent cytotoxicity, neonatal immunity, feedback inhibition of B cells IgM: Naive B cell antigen receptor, complement activation

Question 18

MHC I vs II

Answer 18

MHC I: recognized by CD8+ CTLs; display antigens found within cytoplasm; found on all healthy, nucleated cells MHC II: recognized by CD4+ Helper T cells, display antigens from cytosol, found on specialized cells (APCs: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells)

Question 19

Types of microbes combated by T cells

Answer 19

Helper cells: Phagocytes (some intracellular bacteria, fungi, protozoa) CTLs: (all Viruses, all Rickettsiae, some protozoa)