Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology (M1) > Immunology Introduction: Immune System, Cells and Molecules > Flashcards

Immunology Introduction: Immune System, Cells and Molecules Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Primary (central or regenerative) immune system tissue: contents and examples

A

Contain developing lymphocytes

Examples: Bone marrow and Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Secondary (peripheral) immune system tissue: contents and examples

A

Contain mature cells, active in host defense

Examples: Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue; includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s Patches in GI tract, other mucosal lymphoid tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bone marrow activity (what happens here)

A

Site of hematopoiesis and B-cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hematopoiesis and age

A

As a person ages, most hematopoiesis in flat bones (sternum, vertebrae, ileac, and ribs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thymus location and function

A

Bi-lobed organ in upper anterior thorax

Function: maturation and selection of T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thymus structure

A

Two lobes - each surrounded by capsule

Lobes divided into lobules by fibrous septa

Each lobule has outer cortex and inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thymus vascular supply

A

Rich vascular supply

Cells enter thymus via blood, exit via lymphatic vessels or blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chest Radiograph

A

Classic “sail sign” of thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spleen location and function

A

Large, vascular organ in left upper quadrant of the abdomen under the diaphragm

Major site of immune responses to pathogens and other foreign substances in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spleen structure

A

Blood supply from a single artery, divides into smaller arterioles

Two sections:

  1. White pulp: contains lymphocytes; T cells near arterioles in the periarteriolar sheath; B cells are more peripheral
  2. Red pulp: involved with RBC breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lymph nodes location and function

A

Small nodular aggregates of lymphoid tissue; 500-600 in human body located along lymphatic channels/vessels

Generally the first lymphoid structure to encounter foreign antigens; fluid draining from lymph enriched with antibodies and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lymph nodes structure

A

Outer fibrous capsule

Multiple afferent lymphatic vessels, one efferent

Three concentric regions: cortex, paracortex, medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lymph node cortex contents

A

Contain follicles (cell aggregates) which may contain germinal centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lymph Node diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lymph node groups (9)

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Supraclavicular
  3. Axillary
  4. Mediastinal
  5. Supratrochlear
  6. Mesenteric
  7. Inguinal
  8. Femoral
  9. Popliteal

Can someone ask my silly mother if ferrets poop?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most palpable lymph node groups?

A

Cervical, axillary, and femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cervical LNG: location and site of drainage

A

Location: head and neck

Drainage: scalp, face, nasal cavity, pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Axiallary LNG: location and site of drainage

A

Location: axilla

Drainage: arm, chest wall, breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inguinal LNG: location and site of drainage

A

Location: groin

Drainage: genitalia, buttock, anus, abdominal wall, leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mediastinal LNG: location and site of drainage

A

Location: In/near mediastinum/central posterier thorax

Drainage: Mid chest, upper abdomen, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mesenteric LNG: location and site of drainage

A

Location: lower abdomen, near intestine

Drainage: small/large intestine, upper rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MALT
Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

A

Aggregates of lymphocytes found throughout mucosal surfaces in body (GI, resp, GU tracts)

Large number of Ab-producing cells; crucial pathogen defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MALT divisions

A
  1. GALT: Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
    • Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patches
  2. BALT: Bronchial/Tracheal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
  3. NALT: Nose-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
  4. VALT: Vulvovaginal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mucosal Immune System

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lymphatic System and Function
Separate vascular system through which the lymph moves Functions: Collect/drain excess fluid, absorb fat, conduit for immune cells
26
Lymphatic System/Lymph Structure
Branching vessels (not circular) Lymph fluid: WBC and plasma, no RBCs
27
Lymphatic drainage: Initiation
Initiated by interstitial fluid uptake in lymphatic capillaries
28
Lymphatic drainage: flow
By skeletal muscle contraction, arterial pulsation, unidirectional valves; smooth muscle in walls of larger vessels; NO PUMP Flow through multiple lymph nodes before entering circulation in blood
29
Lymphatic drainage system
2 separate, asymmetric systems Upper right areas (right side of head, heart, lungs): right lymphatic duct --\> right subclavian vein Rest of body: thoracic duct --\> left subclavian vein
30
Contents of lymph fluid and changes throughout flow
1. Phagocytic cells & antigens may be in lymph entering lymph node 2. Initiation of an immune response, processing of foreign antigens 3. Fluid exiting nodes with higher number of immune cells and antibodies
31
Virchow’s node
left supraclavicular node enlargement implies inflammation or infection in left chest/abdomen—could be malignant
32
Lymphedema Definition
Interstitial collection of lymph due to disruption of lymphatic flow Usually progressive, can lead to tissue hypertrophy & fibrosis
33
Lymphedema symptoms and complications
Symptoms: Swelling, skin changes, pain, restricted range of motion, and nonpitting edema Complications: skin infections, malignancy; reduced quality of life including aspects of emotional, physical and social well being
34
Primary Lymphedema
Associated with genetic or inherited conditions Associated with lymphatic disruption; can present at any age
35
Secondary lymphedema
Due to underlying disease or is a consequence of prior treatment Etiology: obstruction of lymphatic vessels or nodes (compression by a tumor) or infiltration of the vessels by tumor cells; most common -breast cancer In US, most due to malignancy or cancer therapy
36
Filariasis
Most common cause of secondary lymphedema worldwide; due to infection by the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti Transmitted by mosquitoes; 20 neglected tropical diseases adult worms reside predominantly in the lymphatic vessels and nodes, especially legs; scrotum top site in post-pubertal males
37
Filariasis mosquito and human stages
38
Filariasis Diagnosis
The standard method for diagnosing active infection is the identification of microfilariae on a thick smear of blood 1. Blood draw at night (10 PM–2 AM), the time period when organisms are in peripheral blood 2. Serologic enzyme immunoassay tests (alternative test)
39
Filariasis Treatment
The main goal of treatment to kill the adult worm 1. Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) is both microfilaricidal and active against the adult worm; this is drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis 2. Lymphedema and elephantiasis are not indications for DEC treatment; most people with lymphedema are not actively infected with the filarial parasite
40
Lymphangitis (with site and common pathogen)
Inflammation or infection of the lymph vessels Site of infection: distal to affected blood vessel Most common pathogen: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
41
Chylothorax
Accumulation of lymph in the thorax; often consequence of severing the thoracic duct during surgery
42
Lymphadenopathy
Enlargement (\< 1 cm) of one or more lymph nodes Localized (only 1 body area) vs. Generalized (≥ 2 body areas) Can be associated with infection, inflammatory disorders (e.g. autoimmune diseases), malignancy, etc.
43
Lymphadenitis
Lymphadenopathy with pain and/or signs of inflammation (eg, redness, tenderness) Usually associated with active infection
44
Lymphoma
Type of cancer / malignancy of varied cells of the immune system
45
Three lines of immune system defense
1. Intact skin and mucous membranes 2. Innate/natural 3. Adaptive/acquired 1. Cell-mediated 2. Antibody-mediated (humoral)
46
Innate immune response (what is involved?)
1. Epithelial barriers 2. Phagocytic cells * neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells 3. Cells that release inflammatory mediators * basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils 4. Natural killer cells
47
Adaptive immune responses
1. Proliferation of antigen-specific B- and T-cells, which occurs when the surface receptor of these cells binds to an antigen * Antigen-presenting cells: display antigen to lymphocytes and collaborate with them in the response to antigen
48
Two key features of adaptive immunity that lymphocytes are responsible for:
Specificity and memory
49
Innate immunity cells
1. Neutrophil 2. Monocyte/macrophage 3. Eosinophil 4. Basophil 5. Mast cell 6. Natural Killer
50
Neutrophil type of cell and function
1. WBC Granulocyte 2. Engulf bacteria and fungi, oxidative burst
51
Monocyte/Macrophage type of cell and function
1. WBC Mononuclear; monocyte --\> macrophage 2. Engulf bacteria, fungi, and cellular debris; produce cytokines; antigen processing
52
Eosinophil type of cell and function
1. WBC granulocyte 2. Associated with allergic response and parasitic infection
53
Basophil type of cell and function
1. WBC granulocyte 2. Associated with hypersensitivity and release histamine
54
Mast Cell type of cell and function
1. Bone marrow derived cell 2. Granules contain vasoactive amines like histamine, proteases kill bacteria
55
Natural Killer type of cell and function
1. WBC lymphocyte 2. Recognizes stressed or infected cells and kills them by secreting macrophage-activating cytokine INF-γ
56
Innate Immunity: Phagocytic cells
1. Neutrophils 2. Macrophages 3. Dendridic cells
57
Name the cells
Neutrophils/PMNs
58
Name the cells
Eosinophils
59
Name the cells
Mast cells
60
Monocyte progression
Bone marrow stem cell --\> Blood monocyte --\> tissue macrophage --\> 1. Differentiation (CNS, liver, lung, bone) 2. Activation
61
Adaptive response immune cells + type of cells
1. B-cell (Plasma cell, memory) 2. T-cell (helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, memory) Both are WBC lymphocytes
62
B-cell functions
Specific recognition of antigens as mediator of **humoral immunity**
63
T-cell function
Specific recognition of antigens as mediator of **cell-mediated immunity**
64
Maturation of Lymphocytes (B and T)
B: common lymphoid precursor -\> immature B lymphocytes -\> mature B lymphocytes T: common lymphoid precursor -\> mature naive T lymphocytes -\> mature T lymphocytes
65
Antigen-presenting cells
1. Macrophage 2. Dendritic 3. Follicular dendritic
66
Cytokines
Proteins produced & secreted by immune and non-immune cells - act as **intercellular mediators** to alter biological responses
67
3 types of cytockine action
1. Autocrine: acts on the same cell that secretes it 2. Paracrine: acts on an adjacent or nearby cell 3. Endocrine: acts at a distance to stimulate cells
68
Cytokine binding
1. Bind to specific cytokine receptors expressed by target cells 2. Typically induce signal transduction
69
Cytokine receptors
Specific; homodimers or heterodimers that become phosphorylated and activate signaling molecules
70
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
Major signaling pathway involved in immune regulation JAK: Janus Kinase STAT: Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (moves into the nucleus, binds promoters, induces gene transcription) Cytokines -\> receptor -\> activates JAK -\> activates others (STAT)
71
Important cytokines: innate immunity
1. TNF-α 2. IL-1 3. IL-6 4. IL-12 5. IFN-α/IFN-β (Type I IFNs) 6. IFN-γ (Type II IFN)
72
Important cytokines: Adaptive immunity
Th-1 cells: 1. IL-2 2. IL-3 3. IFN-γ Th-2 cells: 1. IL-4 2. IL-5 3. IL-6 4. IL-10 5. TGF-β
73
Proinflammatory cytokines
1. TNF-α 2. IL-1 3. IL-6 4. (and others)
74
Important cytokines: Hematopoiesis
1. IL-3 2. IL-7 3. M-CSF 4. G-CSF 5. GM-CSF
75
Chemokines
Small chemo-attractant molecules that cause cells to migrate towards a concentration gradient of the chemokine
76
What cells express chemokine receptors?
Target/responding cells
77
Chemokine activation signals what?
1. cytoskeleton rearrangement * cell moves to areas with highest chemokine concentration
78
Four categories of chemokines and basis
Based on position or arrangement of cysteine(s) 1. CC 2. CXC 3. C 4. CXXXC
79
Coagulation System of Immune System
Cascade of plasma enzymes + platelets: 1. help form clots 2. provide prostaglandins, hydrolytic enzymes, and growth factors (facilitate antimicrobial defense/wound healing)
80
Kinin System
Second enzyme cascade triggered by tissue damage
81
Protease Inhibitors
Enzymes that cleave proteins and breakdown inhibitors
82
Defensins
Antimicrobial peptides produced by a variety of cell types that can penetrate microbial membranes and destroy bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses

Immunology (M1) (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions