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Pysch Paper 3 > addiction > Flashcards

addiction Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

physical dependence

A

develops after using for a long time
when abstanance occurs the withdrawal symptoms are physical

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2
Q

pyschological dependence

A

when someone thinks they need a substance
when abstnance occurs withdrawal symptoms are mental

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3
Q

tolerance

A

develops from continous using
body has adjusted so homeostatis is changed and bar is raised so more substance is needed to have same effect

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4
Q

2 types of tolerance

A

behavioural - adjust behaviour to deal with effects of a substance
cross - tolerance to one drug reduces sensitivity to another

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5
Q

5 risk factors increasing addiction

A

genetics , peers , family, stress, personality

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6
Q

how genetics increase addiction

A

few D2 receptors - less dopamine - uses to compensate
fully functioning CYP2A6 Enzyme - nicotine digests quicker so is injested more frequently

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7
Q

Genetic vulnreability study - Kendler et al

A

studied adopted children some with addict parent , some without to see if they developed addiction
with - 8.6%
without- 4.2%

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8
Q

how stress increases addiction

A

may use substances as a coping mechanism
2in 10 people with PTSD have an addiction

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9
Q

2 types of stress

A

chronich - ongoing
accute - stress due to an event

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10
Q

how personality increases addiction- 3 traits

A

sensation seeking - want excitement
impulsivity - don’t think of consequences
compulsivity - don’t stop when they know they should

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11
Q

A03 Of personality causing addiction

A

addiction may have caused these traits
not having these traits is protection

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12
Q

how family with addiction increases addiction

A

SLT as parents are role models
increases availability of substances
normalises the behaviour

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13
Q

Livingston et al - family influence

A

children who are allowed to drink at home go on to drink excessivley in college

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14
Q

how peers increase addiction

A

as a child , peers have greatest influence
SLT
increases availability

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15
Q

mesembolic pathway of nicotine

A

inhaled through mouth
reaches VTA in 6-10s - binds with receptors to carry message to nucleas acumbens
at NA dopamine is released - euphoric feeling
PFC makes decision on what to do next
memory of pleasure laid in hippocampus

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16
Q

amount of dopamine released from nicotine

A

2-10x natural pleasure

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17
Q

other than dopamine , nicotine effects 3 things

A

release of glutamate - triggers more dopamine
prevents GABA- amplifies effect of dopamine
stops MAO - nicotine not broken down

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18
Q

explanation for nicotine addiction - withdrawal receptors

A

nicotine binds with acetycholine receptors on dopamine neurons making them full
they desensitize
after abstinance they function again so crave nicotine making withdrawal kick in

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19
Q

explanation for nicotine addiction - chronic desnentitsation

A

contsant cycles of desntisisation and resensitization leads to chronic densentization which means they become tolerant to nicotine

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20
Q

Research - Olds and Miller - dopamine

A

rats had an electrode connected to hypothalamus which is stimulated when dopamine released
a pedal stimulated hipothalamus so rats would press it even when they had to walk over an electric shock

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21
Q

Individual differences in reward pathway -Schiffman

A

Chippers - can smoke 5x a day and not show withdrawal during abstanace

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22
Q

application of reward pathway - Lindsay

A

found that nicotine replacement therapy was 70% more accurate than other treatments due to reward pathway

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23
Q

implications of reward pathway

A

undertsanding it reduces strain on NHS - £5 million a year on smokers

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24
Q

Pros and Cons of reward pathway explanation

A

pros - scientific, simplifies behaviour
cons - reductionist , doesn’t explain cause

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25
Initiation of nicotine - SLT
vicarious reinforcement - see role models receive positive reward from smoking so copy
26
maintenance of smoking - OC
positive reinforcement - mesolimbic pathway / fitting in with peers negative reinforcement - avoid withdrawal / avoid being odd one out
27
Relapse of smoking - CC
cue reactivity cue ( lighter) becomes CS as has repeatedly paired with idea of smoking. Makes cravings stronger as anticipation of smoking, when our body anticpates dopamine it lowers levels
28
examples of cues
places , people , situations, objects
29
Levin et al - OC in nicotine initiation
rats with two water spouts one with nicotine frequently visted nicotine spout , positive reinforcement
30
Carter and Tiffany - cue reactivity
showed depednent and non dependent smokers pictures of smoking related cues dependent smokers reacted strongly to the cues
31
A03 of learning theory and nicotine addiction
doesn't explain why some people never get addicted useful treatments can be used based on CC
32
initiation of gambling - SLT
vicarious reinforcement media shows people winning, so gamble too
33
initiation of maintenance of gambling - OC
positive reinforcement mesolimbic pathway, financial rewards , increased status nagative reinforcement - escape boredom, escape poverty , escape low status
34
CC in gambling
gambling cues are paired with positive reward pathway making them a CS , creating a CR when a gambler sees them
35
A03 of learning theory and gambling addiction
lots of people dabble with gambling but don't develop an addiction cue reactivity explains relapse
36
expectancy theory and gambling
gamblers have irrational expectations and will significantly over estimate the benefits - this disorted view causes addiction
37
cognitive bias ands gambling
schemas are bias which leads to irrational decisions that go against good judgement
38
Debra Rickwood et al - 4 categories of cognitive bias
Ritualistic behaviours - lucky socks Illusion of control Gamblers fallacy - disorted view of chance selective recall - only remember wins
39
Relapse due to low self efficacy - 4
performance outcomes - tried to give up and not succeded vicarious experiences - learning from failure of others verbal persusaion - encouragement from others Pyschological feedback - emotional , physical state
40
Drug therapy - Agonists
mimic the drug and activate the neuron receptors
41
nicotine replacement therapy - eg of an agonist
gradually release nicotine by patch which bind with nicotine acetycholine receptors - releasing dopamine
42
drug therapy - antagonists
bind to receptors and blocks them so drug doesn't have same effect , reducing craving
43
drug therapy - aversives
stops 2nd enzyme breaking down alcohol so stays in it's toxic state making it unpleasent ,
44
Boyce et al - nicotine replacement therapy
NRT is 60% more effective compared to placebo or no therapy
45
NRT A03 - everyone
side effects - sleep disturbance , headaches may lead to poor treatment adherence
46
drug therapy A03- motivation
some may lack motivtion to take part in drug therapy
47
Reducing gambling - aversion therapy
counterconditioning - replacing positive association with a negative one
48
how aversion therapy works
addict thinks of words that relate to gambling and put into cards with other words that don't relate, when a gambling card comes up an electric shock is given
49
Negatives of aversion therapy
electric shocks may be worse than addiction itself - poor treatment adherence doesn't treat initial cause
50
covert sensitisation - nicotine addiction
client imagines themsleves smoking and then imagines something unpleasent ( cig covered in shit)
51
Aversion therapy VS covert sensitsation -McConaghy
compared therapies with succes in reducing gambling addiction a year later Aversion therapy - 30% Covert sensitization - 90%
52
CBT and addiction
16 sessions which establish relationship between therapist and client
53
CBT process - functional analysis
look at cause and consequence of behaviour identify high risk situations establish thought patterns during high risk sitautions
54
skills training CBT
tells then shows the patient what to do and client practices them in high risk situations
55
CBT - Cognitive restructering
confronting and challenging faulty beliefs ( showing gamblers machines are pre detrmined)
56
specific skills training
functional analysis may show that the client lacks specific skills that help them cope in specific situations ( lack of anger management may lead to substance abuse )
57
social skills training
functional analysis may reveal the client lacks social skills that help them cope ( an alocholic may be embarressed about refusing to drink)
58
Pros of CBT
gives client control teaches client applicable skills means client can eventually use skills without the therapy active rather than passive
59
Cons of CBT
time consuming high cost may need drug therapy too
60
Petry et al - CBT with Gamblers
allocated gamblers to either a GA meeting or GA meeting + CBT CBT condition reduced addiction more
61
Cowlish et al - CBT
reviewed 11 CBT studies CBT reduces addiction massively in first 3 months after 9-12 months CBT has limited affects
62
Theory of planned behaviour - Ajzen
cognitive factors that lead to a decision to engage in a behaviour can be prevented by their intention to engage
63
Theory of planned behaviour - 3 factors of intention
behavioural atttitude subjective norm percieved behavioural control
64
Changing behavioural attitude - USA marujuanah
US national drug launched a campaign to lower weed use, aimed to create different attitude towards effect of weed
65
changing subjective norm - anti drug campaigns
give data about how many young people actually engage in risky behaviour
66
perceived behavioural control - Godin et al
examined extent TPB explains smoking intentions and behaviours found the 3 elements did help explain intentions but perceived control was most important programmes should focus on the will power
67
self efficacy and abstinence - Majer et al
role of self efficacy on abstinence anf found that encouraging an addict beleif in quitting created a positive outcome
68
Webb et al - TPB
analysed 85 studies of intervention and found those based on TPB had greatest success
69
McCheachen - TPB
Meta analysis study of TPB predicting behaviours , found correlation between intention and behaviour
70
intention behaviour gap
can't explain causation of behaviour and some pyschologist question this theory
71
6 spiral model of behavioural change
pre contemplation - contemplation - preperation - action - maintenance - termination
72
spiral model of behavioural change - action stage
relapse is still possible but behaviour has been changed for considerable amount of time

Pysch Paper 3 (4 decks)

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