issues and debates

Question 1

problems with cross cultural research

Answer 1

interpretation
replicability

Question 2

culture

Answer 2

set of norms, morals, behaviours and roles a certain group adopts

Question 3

etic research

Answer 3

when research based on one culture is generelaised to all

Question 4

emic research

Answer 4

research on a specific culture

Question 5

strengths of etic research

Answer 5

some behaviours are universal
human physiology is consistent

Question 6

weaknesses of etic research

Answer 6

biased as ignores cultural differences

Question 7

universality

Answer 7

thinking one set of norms and behaviour can be used to explain everyone’s behaviour

Question 8

strengths of emic research

Answer 8

avoid cultural bias as not trying to make universal laws

Question 9

weaknesses of emic research

Answer 9

cultural bias can still occur as differences can be over emphasised
can ignore differnences within cultures

Question 10

sub culture bias

Answer 10

ignoring sub cultures when researching into cultures

Question 11

alpha bias

Answer 11

exaggerating the differences between men and women ( Freud)

Question 12

beta bias

Answer 12

minimising the differences between men and women and generalising results from one gender to both ( Asch)

Question 13

ethnocentrism

Answer 13

belief one culture is superior to another so generealsing results from them to everyone

Question 14

androcentrism

Answer 14

belief that male behaviour is normal making womens behaviour abnormal

Question 15

cultural relativism

Answer 15

idea there is no universal standard to behaviour

Question 16

how to reduce cultural bias

Answer 16

representative sampling

Question 17

free will

Answer 17

the idea that everyone is in control of their behaviour and is not determined by external factors such as genetics

Question 18

weakness of free will

Answer 18

subjective and can’t be used to explain mental disorders

Question 19

determinism

Answer 19

people don’t choose how to behave and is down to cause and effect

Question 20

biological determinism

Answer 20

argument that genes determine our behaviour ( biological approach)

Question 21

pyschic determinism

Answer 21

argument tat the unconcious controls our behaviour (pyschodynamic approach)

Question 22

environmental determinism

Answer 22

argument that processes like conditioning cause our behaviour due to learning them for survival ( behavioural approach)

Question 23

support for determinism

Answer 23

whole universe works on cause and effect
scientific theories are based on predictability ( medicine)

Question 24

argument against determinism

Answer 24

its unfalsifiable ( can’t be proved wrong)

Question 25

why cognitive approach is free will and determinism

Answer 25

as people can make their own decsions but are still influenced by others behaviour

Question 26

reductionism

Answer 26

breaks behaviour into it's simplest forms making it deterministic and more scientific as it's easier to test

Question 27

holism

Answer 27

looks at things as a whole, looking at the influence of multiple factors on something

Question 28

biological reductionism

Answer 28

simplifying things down to a result of genes (biological appraoch)

Question 29

machine reductionism

Answer 29

cognitive approach computer analogy is an eg of this

Question 30

environmental reductionism

Answer 30

concept that humans recieve a stimulus and act accordingly (behaviourist approach)

Question 31

two approaches that are holistic

Answer 31

pyschodynamic and humanistic

Question 32

nature

Answer 32

genetic perspective that a person is born with innate characteristics

Question 33

nurture

Answer 33

environmental perspective that behaviour is a result of their environment and experiences

Question 34

John Locke's theory

Answer 34

people are born as a blank slate and influenced by environment

Question 35

interactionist approach

Answer 35

believes in a combination of nature and nurture

Question 36

genotype

Answer 36

gene and DNA inherited from parents

Question 37

phenotype

Answer 37

the characteristics from the gene that are expressed ( eye colour)

Question 38

eg of interactionism

Answer 38

diathesis stress model which explains some people may be genetically disproposed to a mental health condition but must be in an environment to trigger it

Question 39

reciprocal determinism

Answer 39

that a person inherits certain traits that make them seek out particular environments

Question 40

passive correlation

Answer 40

people with genes growing up in simialr environments - making it difficult to establish a cause of a behaviour

Question 41

reaction range

Answer 41

proposed by gottesman , suggets some characetristics may not reach full potential if in the wrong environment ( IQ if poorly educated)

Question 42

nomothetic

Answer 42

tries to make general laws that are applicable to a whole population

Question 43

strengths of nomothetic research

Answer 43

quantative so scientific produce objective data

Question 44

limitations of nomothetic research

Answer 44

lacks validity ignores individual differences

Question 45

idiographic

Answer 45

focuses on individuals in detail

Question 46

strengths of idiographic research

Answer 46

creates in depth information provides a complete explanation

Question 47

weaknesses of idiographic research

Answer 47

difficult to generealise as often small sample size qualitataive and subjective

Question 48

eg of good idiographic research

Answer 48

HM and KF that have established nomothetic laws about brain structure

Question 49

results of controversial research

Answer 49

creates a stigma

Question 50

benefits of socially sensitive research

Answer 50

could help the general population

Question 51

eg of socially sensitive research

Answer 51

race gender and genetics