Additional Arthrology

Question 1

What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occiptal joint?

Answer 1

about three to eight degrees one side axial rotation

Question 2

What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 2

about five degrees

Question 3

Which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 3

flexion - extension

Question 4

What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?

Answer 4

it is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1

Question 5

What movements are facilitated at the median atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 5

flexion - extension, rotation, and telescoping (superior-inferior gliding)

Question 6

What is the ADI?

Answer 6

the Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

Question 7

What is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?

Answer 7

about 4.5 mm in children; a range of 2-3 mm or about 2.5 mm in adults

Question 8

What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 8

about 20 degrees flexion - extension, 40 degrees one side axial rotation, and 5 degrees of lateral bending

Question 9

The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?

Answer 9

about 60%

Question 10

What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dents or the apicodental ligament?

Answer 10

the notochord

Question 11

What is the function of the alar ligament?

Answer 11

together they function to resist axial rotation

Question 12

What forms the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 12

the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane

Question 13

List, in order, the ligaments in a midsagittal plane from the dura mater at the level of the medulla oblongata to the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint.

Answer 13

the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
the cruciate ligament
the capsular ligament of the posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament

Question 14

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of flexion - extension?

Answer 14

about 90 degrees or about 18 degrees per couple

Question 15

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side lateral bending?

Answer 15

about 50 degrees or about 10 degrees per couple

Question 16

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side axial rotation?

Answer 16

about 33 degrees or about six degrees per couple

Question 17

What are the locations for costovertebral joints on the vertebra?

Answer 17

the costocentral joint at the vertebral body and the costotransverse joint at the transverse process

Question 18

At what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?

Answer 18

the first rib

Question 19

What ligaments will attach to the neck of the twelfth rib?

Answer 19

the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

Question 20

What are the attachment sites for the inferior costotransverse ligament?

Answer 20

the neck of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebra at that level

Question 21

At what rib will the inferior costotransverse ligament be absent?

Answer 21

the twelfth rib

Question 22

What name of the space between the transverse process and the neck of the rib?

Answer 22

the costotransverse foramen

Question 23

Which ligament “fills” the costotransverse foramen?

Answer 23

the inferior costotransverse ligament

Question 24

What are the attachment sites for the lateral costotransverse ligament?

Answer 24

the non-articular surface of the tubercle of the rib and the transverse tubercle of the transverse process of the vertebra at that level

Question 25

Which vertebra will lack an attachment for the lateral costotransverse ligament?

Answer 25

T12

Question 26

Which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?

Answer 26

T11/T12 and T12/L1

Question 27

Which range of motion is greatest for lower thoracic vertebral couples?

Answer 27

flexion - extension

Question 28

Which range of motion is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples?

Answer 28

one side axial rotation

Question 29

Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?

Answer 29

the iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament

Question 30

What muscle is intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament?

Answer 30

quadratus lumborum

Question 31

Which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions?

Answer 31

the superior iliolumbar ligament

Question 32

Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex will attach to the sacral ala?

Answer 32

the inferior ililolumbar ligament

Question 33

Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions?

Answer 33

the inferior iliolumbar ligament

Question 34

What are the attachment sites for the accessory iliolumbar ligament?

Answer 34

the transverse process of L4 and the iliac crest

Question 35

Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?

Answer 35

L5/S1

Question 36

Which range of motion is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples?

Answer 36

one side axial rotation

Question 37

Which range of motion is greatest for all lumbar vertebral couples?

Answer 37

flexion - extension

Question 38

Which range of motion is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple?

Answer 38

one side lateral bending

Question 39

What amount of flexion - extension is accomodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 39

about twenty-five degrees

Question 40

List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal.

Answer 40

the membrana tectoria, posterior longitudinal ligament, and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 41

List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal.

Answer 41

the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum and the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 42

What is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?

Answer 42

articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage

Question 43

What does ankylosis mean?

Answer 43

a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

Question 44

What is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthrosis of the sacro-iliac joint?

Answer 44

age 40, the iliac auricular surface

Question 45

What is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?

Answer 45

age 50 and male bias particularly African American males

Question 46

What is the relationship between the capsular and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments?

Answer 46

the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament replaces the capsular ligament posteriorly

Question 47

What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?

Answer 47

dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves