Additional Lecture Material (general slides across lectures not covered in readings) Flashcards
2 types of learning approaches…
- Behaviorism
- Social Learning
Deterministic: Define
Person’s behavior is a direct result of environment
How does Behaviorism understand Personality?
Personality repertoire of learnt S-R associations
What are the 3 kinds of learning in Behaviorism?
- habituation
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
What are two life events you can become habituated to?
1) winning the lottery
2) becoming paralyzed
Describe Classical Conditioning
stimuli that occur close together in time will come
to elicit the same response
Describe Higher Order Conditioning.
A Conditioned Stimulus acts as an Unconditioned Stimulus.
Superstitious behavior (Watson) - What is this based on? Give an example.
a) S-R conditioning
b) unlucky classroom (I always get a bad grade in whichever course I take in this classroom), lucky pencil (my last test I got an A with this pencil!)
Contrast First-order vs. Second Order Conditioning
a) First-order conditioning:
Certain song (NS) + Dancing with partner (US) = Pleasant feelings (UR)
then
Certain song (CS) —–> pleasant feelings (CR)
b) Second-order conditioning:
Car (NS) + Certain song (CS) = Pleasant feelings (CR)
then
Car (CS) ———> Pleasant Feelings (CR)
How is higher order conditioning used by advertisers?
think of how coca cola has become associated with Christmas example from lecture (Chap 14, slide 12)
Operant Conditioning:
People are not always aware of the causes of their behavior, usually when this
occurs the rewards are….
hidden.
Negative Reinforcement: Describe
something REMOVED to INCREASE behavior
Positive Reinforcement: Describe
something ADDED to INCREASE behavior
Positive Punishment: Describe
something ADDED to DECREASE behavior
Negative Punishment: Describe
something REMOVED to DECREASE behavior
What is ABC analysis?
define each letter of ABC.
1) Functional analysis by Skinner, determining how behavior is a function of one’s environment
2)
A: Antecedent
B: Behavior
C: Consequence
Behavior Modification is based on what kind of conditioning?
Operant
Describe project Pigeon.
What science was this based off of?
a) Skinner trained pigeons to peck dark objects on a screen to redirect missiles toward ships if they fell off course.
the military did not move forward with the project despite proven results.
b) Operant Conditioning
What were the positive contributions of Behaviorism?
1) Established Psychology as a science
2) Recognition of psychological impact of environment, challenging eugenics.
3) Technology to assist behavioural change
Is Operant Conditioning good for long term change of phobias, addictions, and other mental health disorders as Skinner suggested?
No, the long term effectiveness is questionable
What are the stages of insight? (4)
1) Preparation
2) Incubation
3) Insightful Experience (Aha!)
4) Verification (solution)
What did Bandura agree with the behaviorists on? (1)
1) agrees with the behaviorist learning theories of classical and operant conditioning.
What did Bandura expand from behaviorist theories? (2)
1) Observational learning
2) Cognitive Processes
Reciprocal determinism: define
Both people and environment are reciprocal
determinates of each other (Bandura)
