ADDITIONAL NOTES IN INORG CHEMISTRY Flashcards by Kat Catacutan

Artificial Atmospheres

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Carbon dioxide & Nitrous Oxide

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GROUP IA: ALKALI METALS

•Hydrogen
•Lithium
•Sodium
•Potassium

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• not actually a metal
• Inflammable air
• Lightest element

Hydrogen

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• Uses: Inflating balloons

Hydrogen

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• Lightest metal

Lithium

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• Use: heat exchanger in air conditioners

Lithium

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drug of choice for mania

Lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃)

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• most abundant extracellular cation
• responsible for fluid retention

Sodium

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• diuretic, urinary alkalizer, antacid, alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s
solution

Sodium acetate

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• “baking soda”
• systemic antacid; carbonating agent

• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)

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• cathartic, urinary acidifier (under sodium)

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄)

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• water soluble antioxidant (under sodium)

Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃)

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antacid, carbonating agent (under sodium)

Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃)

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electrolyte replenisher, preservative, condiment (under NA)

Sodium chloride

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anticoagulant (under Na)

Sodium citrate

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anticariogenic agent (Na)

Sodium fluoride

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saponifying agent (Na)

• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

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• oxidizing agent; disinfectant, bleaching agent (Na)

• Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl or NaClO)

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expectorant; solubilizer of Iodine (Na)

Sodium Iodide

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vasodilator; antidote for cyanide poisoning

Sodium nitrite

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Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃)

meat preservative

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Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄)

cathartic

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primary standard for Karl Fischer reagent

Sodium tartrate (Na₂C₄H₄O₆)

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Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN)

• hypotensive agent

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treatment of cyanide poisoning.

• Sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃)

• most abundant intracellular cations • for muscular contraction

Potassium

diuretic, urinary alkalizer, antacid

Potassium acetate (C₂H₃KO₂)

antacid, carbonating agent

Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃)

Potassium bitartrate (KHC₄H₄O₆)

laxative

Potassium bromide (KBr)

depressant

Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃)

antacid, carbonating agent

ingredient of toothpaste, mouthwashes, gargles

Potassium chlorate (KClO₃)

Potassium chloride (KCl)

electrolyte replenisher

Potassium citrate (K₃C₆H₅O₇)

diuretic, expectorant, diaphoretic

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

• saponifying agent

Potassium iodide (KI)

expectorant, solubilizer of iodine

Potassium nitrate (KNO₃)

meat preservative

oxidizing agent, antidote for strychnine

Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)

Potassium sodium tartrate

• cathartic, sequestering agent/chelating agent

• a mixture of potassium polysulfide and potassium thiosulfate • ingredient of white lotion

Sulfurated Potash

• catalyst in polymerization of resin

Cesium (Cs)

• used in density gradient centrifugation (separates proteins)

• Cesium chloride

• hypothetical alkali metal • diuretic, expectorant, anticariogenic, buffer

Ammonium

• Ammonium bromide (NH₄Br)

• sedative, depressant

• expectorant, respiratory stimulant, antacid, Ingredient of aromatic ammonia spirit

• Ammonium carbonate: (NH₄)₂CO₃

Aromatic ammonia spirit

• respiratory stimulant

Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)

diuretic, expectorant, urinary acidifier

Ammonium iodide (NH₄I)

expectorant

GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS

•Copper (Cu) •Silver (Ag) •Gold (Au)

• only reddish colored metal • 3rd most malleable metal, 3rd best conductor of electricity • Protein precipitant

Cu (Copper)

• Used in preparation of Benedict's, Barfoed's, and Fehlings solution (test of raduring agents) • Emetic

Copper sulfate (CuSO₄)

• Antidote for phosphorus poisoning • Component of Bordeaux mixture (an algicide/fungicide in swimming pools)

• Copper sulfate (CuSO₄)

Copper acetoarsenite

Insecticide

- 2ND most malleable metal - 2nd best conductor of electricity - Oligodynamic action

SILVER (Ag)

Silver (Ag) Poisoning is called ______.

argyria

- Removal of warts - Eyewash for newly born babies of mothers with gonorrhea

Silver nitrate

dental protective, Ingredient of Tollen's reagent

Ammoniated silver nitrate (𝐍𝐇𝟑)𝟐 𝐍𝐎𝟑

Silver iodide

germicide

Mild silver protein

antiseptic for the eyes

Strong Silver Protein

antiseptic for the ears, nose and throat

colloidal Silver Protein

general germicide

“king of all metals"

Gold (Au)

- Most malleable metal - best conductor of electricity - Compounds are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Gold (Au)

GROUP II-A: ALKALINE-EARTH METALS

•BERYLLIUM (Be) •MAGNESIUM (Mg) •CALCIUM •STRONTIUM (Sr) •BARIUM (Ba) •RADIUM (Ra)

- Most toxic metal - Can cause lung carcinoma, chronic granuloma

Beryllium (Be)

- Lightest of all structurally important metal - 2nd most abundant intracellular cation

Magnesium (Mg)

- natural calcium channel blocker - also present in chlorophyll -present in Grignard Reagent (R-Mg-X)

Magnesium (Mg)

antacid; laxative

Magnesium carbonate & Magnesium hydroxide 𝐌𝐠 (𝐎𝐇)𝟐

antacid; component of universal antidote

Magnesium oxide (𝐌𝐠𝐎)

antacid (has prolonged effect due to gelatinous consistency of preparation)

Magnesium trisilicate 𝟐𝐌𝐠𝐎 ∙ 𝟑𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟑∙ 𝒏𝐇𝟐𝐎

cathartic; anticonvulsant

Magnesium sulfate (𝐌𝐠 𝐒𝐎𝟒)

adsorbent, filtering aid, clarifying agent, dusting powder (Mg compound)

Hydrated Magnesium silicate

Magnesium citrate 𝐌𝐠𝟑 (𝐂𝟔𝐇𝟓𝐎𝟕)𝟐

cathartic

- 2ND most abundant extracellular cation - blood coagulation factor

Calcium

sedative (Ca compound)

Calcium bromide (𝐂𝐚𝐁𝐫𝟐)

- “Prepared /Precipitated chalk” - antacid; carbonating agent→causes rebound hyperacidity

Calcium carbonate (𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑)

- "Muriate of Lime” - electrolyte replenisher

Calcium chloride

- Milk of Lime, Slaked Lime, Calcium hydrate - saponifying agent

Calcium hydroxide [ 𝐂𝐚 (𝐎𝐇𝟐)]

- Lime, Quick Lime; Calx - preparation of various insecticide; Bordaux mixture

Calcium oxide 𝐂𝐚𝐎

- “bone ash" - antacid

Calcium phosphate [ 𝐂𝐚 𝟑 (𝐏𝐎𝟒)𝟐 ]

- bleaching agent, disinfectant (Ca compound)

Calcium hypochlorite 𝐂𝐚 (𝐂𝐥𝐎)𝟐

- Plaster of Paris - Gypsum (mineral source) - Terra Alba (white cement) - preparation of surgical casts; dentifrice

Calcium sulfate

Calcium sulfate hydrated→ _______

𝐂𝐚𝐒𝐨𝟒∙ 𝟏/𝟐 𝐇𝟐𝐎

- flame test: crimson color - salts are used in red pyrotechnics

Strontium (Sr)

- temperature desensitizing agents (Sr compound)

Strontium chloride (Sensodyne)

- Flame test: yellow /apple grem color - salts are used in green pyrotechnics

BARIUM (Ba)

- radiopaque substance for GIT imaging; contrast medium

Barium sulfate

- carbon dioxide absorbent

Barium hydroxide

- radioactive substance discovered by Marie Cury

RADIUM (Ra)

• aka Zinc Family • melting points • volatilized at RT

GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS

- metal present in insulin - as container for batteries and dry cells

ZINC (Zn)

- protective coating of galvanized iron→steel coated with zinc - astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, protectant

ZINC (Zn)

steel coated with zinc

galvanized iron

- antiseptic found in mouthwashes, topical protectant, dentin desensitizer

Zinc Chloride

- mild antiseptic, astringent, topical protectant

Zinc oxide

- antiseptic (Zr compound)

Zinc peroxide (𝐙𝐧𝐎𝟐)

- While vitriol - emetic; astringent; ingredient of white lotion

Zinc sulfate

- active component of white lotion - scabicidal agents sulfurated potash + Zinc sulfate - antiseptic and protectant

Zinc sulfide

- natural calamine - topical protectant; anti-itch prepared calamine→ 𝐙𝐧𝐎 ∙ 𝐅𝐞𝟐𝐎𝟑 ex. Caladryl 

Hydrated Zinc Silicate 𝐙𝐧𝟐 𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟒∙ 𝐇𝟐𝐎

- dental protective; dentifrice - Zinc oxide + clove oil

Zinc-eugenol cement

- caused "itai-itai” poisoning

CADMIUM (Cd)

- emetic, treatment of tinea infections

Cadmium chloride

- antiseborrheic agent - only yellow sulfide

Cadmium sulfide

- ophthalmic antiseptic (Cd compound)

Cadmium sulfate

- industrial uses: manufacture of thermometers, formation of amalgams - caused "Minamata" poisoning - pharmacologic actions: diuretic, antiseptic, antisyphilis, cathartic, parasiticide, fungicide

Mercury (Hg)

- active component of Lyna→ Menna - cathartic, antiseptic

Mercurous chloride -Calomel (𝐇𝐠𝟐𝐂𝐥𝟐)

- Corrosive Sublimate - disinfectant

Mercuric chloride (𝐇𝐠𝐂𝐥𝟐)

- anti-syphilis

Mercurous iodide (𝐇𝐠𝐈)

- antiseptic; ingredient of Mayer's reagent (most sensitive)

Potassium mercuric iodide 𝐊𝟐𝐇𝐠𝐈𝟒

- “White Precipitate” - topical anti-infective

Ammoniated Mercury (𝐇𝐠 𝐍𝐇𝟐𝐂𝐥)

- " Yellow precipitate" - ophthalmic antiseptic

Mercuric oxide (𝐇𝐠𝐎)

GROUP IIIA: BORON FAMILY

•BORON (B) •ALUMINUM •GALLIUM (Ga) •THALLIUM (Tl)

- used in vulcanizing rubber

Boron (B)

- eyewash (2% w/v) - buffer component

Boric Acid (𝐂𝟑𝐁𝐎𝟑)→ Sal sedativum

- antiseptic; eyewash; wet dressing for wounds;

Sodium tetraborate (𝐍𝐚𝟐𝐁𝟒𝐎𝟕)

- most abundant metal - 3rd most abundant element - Pharmacologic actions: constipation, astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant; thin Al foil is used to treat burns

ALUMINUM

Aluminum poisoning is called _______.

Shaver’s disease

- Astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, deodorant

Aluminum chloride 𝐀𝐥𝐂𝐥𝟑∙ 𝟔𝐇𝟐𝐎

antacid→interferes with phosphate absorption ex. Amphogel 

Aluminum hydroxide 𝐀𝐥(𝐎𝐇)𝟑

- antacid →does not interfere phosphate absorption ex. Phosphagel

Aluminum phosphate 𝐀𝐥𝐏𝐎𝟒

- treatment of phosphatic calculi (elimination of 𝐏𝐎𝟒 via fecal route)

Aluminum carbonate 𝐀𝐥𝟐(𝐂𝐎𝟑)𝟑

- astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant (Al compound)

Alum 𝑨𝒍𝑲 (𝐒𝐎𝟒)𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝐀𝐥𝐍𝐇𝟒(𝐒𝐎𝟒)𝟐

- treatment of silicosis

Aluminum oxide 𝐀𝐥𝟐𝐎𝟑 → aka Alumina

Aluminum silicates:

•Kaolin •Bentonite •Pumice

- native hydrated Al silicate - adsorbent - tx of mild diarrhea

Kaolin

aka China Clay

Kaolin

- suspending agent - native colloidal hydrated Al silicate - suspending agent

Bentonite

Bentonite → Mineral soap/ Soap clay preparation: _________

Bentonite magma (5)

- complex silicate of Al, Na and K → volcanic origin - dental abrasive

Pumice

- substitute for mercury in the manufacture of arc lamps

Gallium (Ga)

- for the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia

Gallium nitrate 𝐆𝐚(𝐍𝐎𝟑)𝟑

- rodenticide - poisoning causes green tongue and alopecia

THALLIUM (Tl)

GROUP IVA: CARBON FAMILY

•CARBON •SILICON (Si) •TIN (Sn) •LEAD (Pb)

- nonmetal - can form multiple bonds with itself (catenation/ Chain formation)

Carbon (C)

- adsorbent, component of universal antidote

activated charcoal

- respiratory stimulant - treatment of persistent hiccups - dry ice: treatment of acne, corns, calluses, moles, warts, eczema

Carbon dioxide

- antacids, carbonating agents (C compounds)

Carbonates/Bicarbonates

- toxic gas, causes hypoxia

Carbon monoxide

- 2ND most abundant element - Forms inert oxide called silica which causes silicosis

Silicon (Si)

prepared by fusing a base such as sodium carbonate and pure silica

Glass

Appearance and characteristics of glasses can be modified by the addition of:

1. MnO2 2. boron/borates 3. potassium 4. lead

- Adsorbent, clarifying agent, filtering aid

Silicon dioxide

- Antifoaming agent; anti-flatulent

Simethicone

- Used in manufacture of cans, household utensils

TIN (Sn)

- Anticariogenic agent

Stannous fluoride 𝐒𝐧𝐒𝟐

- Germicide against Staphylococcal infection

Stannic oxide 𝐒𝐧𝐎𝟐

- Germicide against Staphylococcal infection

Stannic oxide 𝐒𝐧𝐎𝟐

Lead (Pb) Poisoning is called _____.

plumbism

- Astringent, ingredient of lead subacetate solution

Lead acetate

- astringent; antiseptic (Pb compounds)

Lead subacetate

GROUP IVB: TITANIUM FAMILY

•TITANIUM (Ti) •ZIRCONIUM (Zr)

- powerful reducing agent

Titanium (Ti)

- solar ray protectant - opacifying agent

Titanium dioxide

- used as deodorant and antiperspirant - causes granuloma formation

ZIRCONIUM (Zr)

GROUP VA: NITROGEN FAMILY

•NITROGEN (N) •PHOSPHORUS (P) •ARSENIC •ANTIMONY •BISMUTH

- inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals - liquid nitrogen-refrigerant

Nitrogen (N)

- meat preservative (N compounds)

Nitrates/Nitrites

- inhalatory anesthetic

Nitrous oxide

2 forms of Phosphorus (P)

• Red • White/yellow

- Antacids; cathartics (P compounds)

Phosphates

- Component of Salvarsan

Arsenic

- Used to prepare insecticides such as: 1. Paris green 2. Fowler's solution -K arsenite 3. Donovan's solution- 1% mercuric iodide arsenic O3

Arsenic trioxide

- Expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic

Antimony

- Expectorant, emetic, treatment of schistosomiasis

Antimony potassium tartrate

Astringent, antiseptic, internal protective → mng. of gastrin/ peptic ulcers

BISMUTH

GROUP VB

•Tantalum

- Not affected by body fluids - Used for the surgical repair of bones, nerves and tissues (implants)

TANTALUM (Ta)

GROUP VIA: OXYGEN FAMILY

•OXYGEN •SULFUR (S) •SELENIUM (Se)

- Most abundant element

Oxygen

Three allotropes of Oxygen:

1. Nascent oxygen 𝐎 2. Ozone 𝐎𝟐 3. Atmospheric/molecular oxygen 𝐎𝟑

Conditions based on oxygen requirement

1. Anoxic 2. Anemic 3. Stagnant 4. Histotoxic

Brimstone

Sulfur (S)

2 forms of Sulfur:

1. Precipitated sulfur 2. Sublimed sulfur

Precipitated sulfur - _______ -> used in ointments and lotions

Milk of sulfur

Sublimed sulfur- _______ → used as cathartic

Flowers of sulfur

- Essential trace element - Synergistic with Vit E as antioxidant

SELENIUM (Se)

- Antiseborrheic agent

Selenium sulfide (𝐒𝐞𝐒𝟐)

GROUP VIB

•CHROMIUM (Cr) •MOLYBDENUM (Mo) •URANIUM (U)

- Essential trace element- similar fxn of insulin - Glucose tolerance factor

Chromium

- Oxidizing agent (Cr compounds)

Potassium dichromate (𝐊𝟐𝐂𝐫𝟐𝐎𝟕)

- essential trace element - cofactor of flavin dependent enzymes - involved in bacterial fixing of atmospheric nitrogen

MOLYBDENUM (Mo)

- radioactive element discovered by Becquerel - used in manufacture of atomic bombs 1 Bq= 1 disintegration per second (1 Bq= 1 dps)

URANIUM (U)

GROUP VIIA: HALOGEN FAMILY

•FLUORINE (F) •CHLORINE (CI) •BROMINE (Br) •IODINE (I) •ASTATINE (At) •MANGANESE (Mn) •TECHNETIUM (Tc)

- most electronegative element - strongest oxidizing agent

FLUORINE (F)

- anticariogenic agents (F)

Fluorides

- refrigerant, aerosol propellant

Dichlorodifluoromethane (𝐂𝐂𝐥𝟐𝐅𝟐)– aka Freon

- “Dephlogisticated Muriatic Acid" - chloride - most abundant extracellular anion - Important compounds: chlorides and hypochlor

CHLORINE (CI)

- toilet bowl cleaner (muriatic acid) - diluted HCI- treatment of achlorhydria (absence of acid in stomach) 10% w/v (except diluted acetic acid 6%)

Hydrochloric acid

- dark reddish brown fuming liquid with a suffocating odor

BROMINE (Br)

Bromine poisoning is called _____.

bromism

- element present in thyroid gland - elemental iodine preparations: 1. Strong iodine solution Lugols solution- tx- hyperthyroidism 2. Iodine Tincture 3. Povidone-iodine

Iodine

- tx- hyperthyroidism

Lugols solution

- Synthetic, radioactive and metallic halogen

ASTATINE (At)

GROUP VIIB

•MANGANESE (Mn) •TECHNETIUM (Tc)

- Essential trace element - Cofactor involved in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, and fatty and cholesterol syntheses

Manganese (Mg)

- First element produced artificially - Used in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals (Tc-99)

TECHNETIUM (Tc)

- aka "Group Zero

GROUP VIIIA: INERT/NOBLE GASES

- 2nd lightest gas - Inhalation of pure helium produces a Donald Duck or Chipmunk-like sound - Component of artificial air

Helium (He)

- Used for advertising purposes

Neon (Ne)

- Most abundant noble gas - as substitute for nitrogen as inert atmosphere

Argon (Ar)

- least abundant noble gas - anesthetic

Krypton (Kr)

- anesthetic

Xenon (Xe)

- synthetic and radioactive noble gas - treatment of cancer

Radon (Rn)

GROUP VIIIB: TRIADS

First triad: Fe, Co, Ni Second triad: Rh, Ru, Pd Third triad: Os, Ir, Pt

First triad:

Fe, Co, Ni

Second triad:

Rh, Ru, Pd

Third triad:

Os, Ir, Pt

- essential trace element (in the first triad)

Iron (Fe)

- hematinic agent - most commonly used - GI imitant - Green Vitriol

Ferrous sulfate (𝐅𝐞𝐒𝐨𝟒)

- hematinic agent - less gastric irritating

Ferrous gluconate - Fergon

- hematinic agent - more stable than ferrous sulfate

Ferrous fumarate- Toleron

→ Ferruginous pills; Chalybeate pills, Blaud’s pills - hematinic agent

Ferrous carbonate (𝐅𝐞𝐂𝐎𝟑)

- "Basham's mixture" - astringent - styptic-stop bleeding of small wounds

Iron + ammonium acetate 𝐅𝐞 + 𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐎𝐎

- astringent and styptic - test for tannins and phenols

Ferric chloride (𝐅𝐞𝐂𝐥𝟑)

→ Prussian blue - blue print dye

Ferric ferrocyanide 𝐅𝐞𝟒 [𝐅𝐞 (𝐂𝐍𝟔)]𝟑

→ Turnbull’s blue - blue print dye

Ferro ferricyanide 𝐅𝐞𝟑 [𝐅𝐞 (𝐂𝐍𝟔)]𝟐

- essential in the development of erythrocytes and hemoglobin - metal present in Vit B12 - used in manufacture beer- enhance foaming quality of beer

Cobalt (Co)

→ "Lover's ink/ Sympathetic ink” - indicator in silica gel beads color: blue, pink, white (very light pink) Blue- anhydrous Pink- hydrated

Cobalt chloride (𝐂𝐨𝐂𝐥𝟐)

“Old Nick's Copper"

Nickel (Nickel)

- found in fossil fuel combustion - metal in fancy jewelries - causes "Nickel itch”→ contact dermatitis

Nickel (Ni)

causes contact dermatitis

Nickel (Ni)

used as parasiticides (Ni compounds)

- 𝐍𝐢𝐂𝐎𝟑 - 𝐍𝐢𝐒𝐎𝟒

- heaviest and densest metal

OSMIUM (Os)

- staining of specimen

Osmic acid (𝐎𝐬𝐎𝟒)

- catalyst - used in making crucibles - more expensive thon gold. - for E microscopy

Platinum (Pt)

Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum)

- treatment of prostate cancer

- not effective

Transplatin

- used as anticancer agent

Carboplatin

- less toxic than cisplatin

Carboplatin

- catalyst→ in catalytic hydrogenation

PALADIUM (Pd)