PERIODIC TABLES AND FAMILIES OF ELEMENTS Flashcards by Kat Catacutan

All Group 0 elements except ______ occur in the atmosphere

Radon (Rn)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Donald duck-like sound”

Helium (He)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2nd lightest air

Helium (He)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

used to prepare synthetic air

Helium (He)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

advertising purposes

Neon (Ne)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most abundant noble gas

Argon (Ar)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*substitute to nitrogen as an inert atmosphere for pharmaceutics
*by-product of the fractionalization of liquid air for the prodxn of O2 and N2

Argon (Ar)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

investigated for possible use as anesthetics

Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

comprises the most reactive of all the metallic elements

Group 1A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cation of the EXTRACELLULAR fluids

Sodium (Na)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*cation of the INTRACELLULAR fluids
* diuretic effects

Potassium (K)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cation of choice to optimize the
pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments
used with caution in the tx of
cardiac & renal condition in w/c edema is a problem

Sodium (Na)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

promotes the retention of H2O

Sodium (Na)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

similar in behavior to K

Rubidium (Rb)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

no pharmaceutical significance

Rubidium (Rb) and Cesium (Cs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bridge element
resembles Mg, to some extent Ca, more closely than Na

Lithium (Li)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

for mania

Lithium (Li)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

salts show a striking resemblance to K & Rb salts (isomorphous)

ammonia and ammonium compounds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

central depressant

ammonium bromide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

expectorant (nh4 nh3 compounds)

chloride

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

expectorant

carbonate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

household ammonia
contains 10% NH₃

16° ammonia (degrees Baumé)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

occur free in the metallic state
easy to recover from ores
very malleable
coinage metals

GROUP 1B

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

• toxic
• essential trace element
• small quantity enhance the physiological utilization of Fe

Copper (Cu)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oligodynamic axn

Silver (Ag)

basis for Fehling's & Benedict's soln, the classic test solns for reducing sugars

CuSO₄

occurs in the respiratory pigment hemocyanin

Copper (Cu)

Fungicides, insecticides, algaeci

Copper (Cu)

provide local germicidal axn

ability of Ag ion to ppt CHON & Cl- in the affected tissue

AgNO₃

topically as germicide

Ag sulfadiazine

cast into sticks & used as a styptic

Toughened AgNO₃

ophthalmology

Mild Ag CHON

• autoxidation • tx of lupus erythematosus & rheumatoid arthritis

Au (Gold)

antidote for Au toxicity

Dimercaprol (BAL)

alkaline earth group

Group IIA

bridge element, resembles Al

Beryllium (Be)

2nd most plentiful cation inside the cell & natural Ca blocker

Magnesium (Mg)

• Gastric antacids (compounds) • Cathartics (OH & SO₄) • Anticonvulsant (SO₄) • Anti-inflammatory (conc. solns) • Lubricants (stearate)

Magnesium (Mg)

antidote for Mg poisoning

Ca gluconate

cation of hydroxyapatite (the major constituent, 98%, of the bones & teeth)

Calcium (Ca)

most active of Group IIA

Barium (Ba)

antidote for Ba ingestion

Epsom Salt (MgSO₄)

only medical use

BaSO₄

GROUP IIB elements

Zinc (Zn), Cd (Cadmium), Mercury (Hg)

emetic

Strong ZnSO₄

Essential component of carbonic anhydrase & many other enzymes

Zinc (Zn)

antidote (Zinc)

NaHCO₃ (baking soda)

tx of seborrheic dermatitis

Cadmium (Cd)

caused by drinking H₂O contaminated with Cd

Itai-itai disease

lowest melting point among metals

Mercury (Hg)

best antidote for Hg poisoning, particularly the bichloride

Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate NF

used in emergency, if discovered shortly after ingestion

Egg albumen

• +3 oxidation state

Group IIIA

double salts

Alums

bridge element, resembles silicon

Boron (B)

have no germicidal act, feebly bacteriostatic

boric acid & borates

most abundant of the metals

Aluminum (Al)

3rd most abundant element

Aluminum (Al)

Gastric antacids, antiperspirant, deodorants

Aluminum (Al)

used as adsorbent and demulcent

Kaolin

useful as a suspending agent

Bentonite

most toxic, similar to arsenics

Thallium (TI)

except for Hg, has the lowest melting point of the metals

Gallium (Ga)

appears in transferring, an iron transport CHON, & appears to be useful in treating cancer related hypercalcemia

Gallium (Ga)

• +4 oxidation state

Elements of Group IV

Oxides of C & Si are ____

acidic

produced in various forms, such as coke, lampblack, or charcoal

Carbon (C)

are prepared from ligneous mat'l by carbonization in the absence of air, followed by heat &/or chem'l tx to ↑ surface area and porosity

Activated Charcoal

- use in liquid media - official use in USP is bx of diarrhea

finely powdered

gas absorption

coarse, hard, porous particles

effective respiratory stimulant toxicity due to suffocation

CO₂

toxicity due to interaxn with hemoglobin

gastric antacid (Carbon)

NaHCO₃

source of K ion in electrolyte replenishers

KHCO₃

effective reflex stimulant & expectorant

(NH4)₂CO₃

most abundant element on earth

Silicon (Si)

used as mild abrasives

siliceous earth (diatomaceous earth, Fuller's earth, Kieselguhr, celite)

lung condition resembling TB develops after long exposure to respirable dust (silica particles)

silicosis

pulmonary condition similar to silicosis

asbestosis

has adsorptive properties similar to kaolin

attapulgite

3 clay minerals

montmorillonites (bentonite) kaolins illites

- softest mineral known - used as dusting powders, lubricant, filter aid

talc

swelling clays, suspending agents

bentonite

most common rock

feldspars

- porous rock of volcanic origin - used as dental abrasive

pumice

generic term used to identify vitreous silicate mat’l prepared by fusing a base, such as Na₂CO₃ & CaCO₃, with pure silica

Glass

mask the blue-green color of the Iron usually present in silica

MnO₂

reduce the coefficient of expansion

Borates

give a brown & light resistant glass

K ion

• most metallic element of the group • no longer used bec. it is a cumulative poison

Lead (Pb)

powerful reducing agents

Ti (Titanium)

solar ray protective

TiO₂

consequence of its high refractive Index

white pigment

as hydrous oxide or carbonate- used as a lotion or cream for contact dermatitis

Zr (Zirconium)

Zr compounds → antiperspirant

alum

oxides of N&P are _____. As & Sb are ____, Bi is ____

-acidic -amphoteric -basic

• 78% in atmosphere • Prepared primarily by the fractional distillation of liquid air

Nitrogen (N)

Inhalational anesthetic

Nitrous oxide

laughing gas

nitrous oxide

antidote for cyanide poisoning

sodium nitrite

causes vasodilation

Nitric oxide

potassium arsenite soln

Fowler’s soln

oral antidote (As)

Mg(OH), & iron (III)

antidote (arsenic)

Dimercaprol by IM

tx of schistosomiasis

Antimony (Sb)

tx of peptic ulcer

Colloidal bismuth subcitrate

unaffected by body fluids, used in sheet form for surgical repair of bones

Tantalum (Ta)

• chalcogens • lower oxi state-basic • higher oxi state - acidic

Elements of Group VI

low oxi state

basic

high oxi state

acidic

Tx of hypoxia

oxygen (o)

powerful oxidant

3% H₂O₂ - 10 volumes

common bleach for hair

6% H₂O2₂ - 20 volumes

fungicidal (sulfur)

elemental S

cathartic (S)

sublimed S

scabicide

precipitated S

used in the tx of psoriasis

sulfurated potash

prepared by adding freshly prepared, filtered, sulfurated potash soln to ZnSO₄ soln

White lotion USP

2.5% suspension in the topical tx of seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff)

selenium sulfide

antioxidant (sulfur)

sodium metabisulfite

antidote for cyanide poisoning

sodium thiosulfate

halogens

Elements of Group VII

• most electronegative element • strongest oxidizing agent • essential element present in the teeth and bones

Fluorine (F)

sole Ingr in physiological salt soln

NaCl

expectorant & systemic acidifying agent

NH₄CI

• dark reddish brown fuming liquid with a suffocating odor • powerful caustic & germicide

Bromine (Br)

if in contact with skin wash immediately w/ a soln of NAHCO₃ & treated with glycerin

Bromine (Br)

CNS depressant

Bromide

effective antimicrobial

Iodine (I)

enhance the solubility of iodine

KI or NaI

expectorant

Iodide

effective chem'l antidote

cornstarch & sodium thiosulfate

from the Greek word "technetos" meaning _____

artificial

1st element produced artificially

Technetium (Tc)

consist of 3 elements (triads)

Elements of Group VIII

first triad

Fe (Iron) Co (Cobalt) Ni (Nickel)

second triad

Ru (Ruthenium) Rh (Rhodium) Pd (Palladium)

third triad

Os (Osmium) Ir (Iridium) Pt (Platinum)

PERIODIC TABLES AND FAMILIES OF ELEMENTS Flashcards

(139 cards)