Adolescence and Adulthood

Question 1

Cross - Sectional Design

Answer 1

Compares different people of different ages (cohorts)

Question 2

Longitudinal Design

Answer 2

When a researcher follows a group of individuals over time

Question 3

Defining Adolescence

Answer 3

Biologically defined at by the beginning of puberty

Question 4

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 4

When brain eliminates synapses in order to create efficiency. Increase in myelination and loss of neural plasticity

Question 5

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 5

Finishes developing at age 25. Responsible for critical thinking, judgement, and decision making

Question 6

Dopaminergic System

Answer 6

Early in adolescence, increase sensation seeking and reward motivation. In later adolescence the prefrontal cortex develops which increases self - regulation and planning skills

Question 7

Psychological Control

Answer 7

Invalidating the adolescents feelings and pushing them to think in certain ways

Question 8

Differential Susceptibility

Answer 8

Genetic factors that can make individuals more or less susceptible to environment factors

Question 9

Homophily

Answer 9

Friends change from being mostly same sex to mixed sex. Also seek out similar peers

Question 10

Deviant Peer Contagion

Answer 10

Individuals are more likely to engage in negative or risky behaviour when it has been approved by a peer

Question 11

Crowds

Answer 11

Large groups based on stereotypes and reputations and interact with moderate frequency

Question 12

Cliques

Answer 12

Smaller groups of people with similar characteristics and often exclusionary

Question 13

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 13

When the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values or goals for the future, without exploring their options

Question 14

Identity Diffusion

Answer 14

Does not attempt to explore or commit to any ideologies or roles

Question 15

Identity Moratorium

Answer 15

When adolescent is actively looking at options, exploring various choice, but has not made a commitment to these choices

Question 16

Identity Achievment

Answer 16

When the adolescent has made a commitment to a specific identity (gender, social roles, religion, politics)

Question 17

Patterson

Answer 17

Early Starter vs. Late Starter differentiates anti social behaviour that starts in childhood vs adolescence. Early Starters at a greater risk for long - term behaviours extending into adulthood

Question 18

Moffit

Answer 18

Distinguishes between anti social behaviour that is life - course persistent

Question 19

Emerging Aduthood

Answer 19

New stage that describes development between the ages of 18 - 29 (marriage, financially dependent, etc)

Question 20

Five features of Emerging Adulthood

Answer 20

1. Identity Exploration
2. Instability
3. Self - focus
4. Feeling - in - between
5. Possibilites

Question 21

Identity exploration

Answer 21

Looking at possibilities in careers and relationships

Question 22

Instability

Answer 22

Establishing home away from parents, moving between relationships and jobs

Question 23

Self - focus

Answer 23

Learning to make independent decisions

Question 24

Feeling in - between

Answer 24

An adult, but completely stable in identity

Question 25

Possibilities

Answer 25

Have high hopes for future prospects

Question 26

Life Course Theories

Answer 26

Look at how historical periods, individual experiences and opportunities, and interactions with others, as well as social roles and norms influence aging

Question 27

Life Span Theories

Answer 27

Place a greater focus on the individuals aging and individual differences

Question 28

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 28

Ability to adapt and change overtime. Ability to deal with novel situations without past experience (peaks in early 20s)

Question 29

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 29

Refers to ability to gain knowledge and tackle problems based on past experience and acquired knowledge (long term memory)

Question 30

Autobiographical Narratives

Answer 30

Story of our lives. Change as people get older and reflect about their life

Question 31

Subjective Age

Answer 31

Age a person feels they are after early adulthood. Generally after age 40 people report feeling 20% younger than their chronological age

Question 32

Convoy Model of Social Relationships

Answer 32

Perception that support is available when we need it

Question 33

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Answer 33

Our motivations for seeking social contact change as we age, and older adults limit their social life to prioritize time with their closest social contacts

Question 34

Cognitive Changes with Aging

Answer 34

Recall and processing speed decline - no change in recognition