Cognitive Development

Question 1

Quantitative Changes

Answer 1

Result of growth (height, weight, brain maturation, connections between synapses)

Question 2

Qualitative Changes

Answer 2

Harder to measure (changes in how we behave, perceive the world, think about the world

Question 3

Theories of Continuous Development

Answer 3

Theories that talk about constant change (Vygotsky)

Question 4

ASD

Answer 4

Development disorder with varying symptom expression

Question 5

Phenotypic Heterogeneity

Answer 5

High variability of phenotypes

Question 6

The Social Brain

Answer 6

Connected regions in the brain that process social information allowing us to recognize people and evaluate mental state

Question 7

Parts of the Social Brain

Answer 7

Amygdala, orbital frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, posterior superior temporal sulcus

Question 8

Amygdala

Answer 8

Recognise emotional states and regulating our own emotions

Question 9

Orbital frontal cortex

Answer 9

Reward feelings around other people

Question 10

Fusiform gyrus

Answer 10

Face recognition

Question 11

Superior temporal sulcus

Answer 11

Motion in other organisms

Question 12

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Answer 12

Measures oxygen within the brain because active neurons use more oxygen

Question 13

Event - Related Potentials (ERP)

Answer 13

Use electrodes to measure currents during a task

Question 14

Cognitive Development

Answer 14

How thinking develops and changes over the lifespan

Question 15

Category

Answer 15

Refers to a set of objects, the metnal representations we form of these categories are called concepts

Question 16

Prototype

Answer 16

Most typical category

Question 17

Borderline items

Answer 17

Categories that shift overtime

Question 18

Fuzzy items

Answer 18

Boundaries that move

Question 19

Knowledge approach

Answer 19

When we learn new concepts and try to connect them to things we already know

Question 20

Prototype theory

Answer 20

Suggests that we have a summary representation of the category that includes the weighted features

Question 21

Jean Piaget

Answer 21

Pioneered stage theory and the study of infant/child reasoning

Question 22

Schemas

Answer 22

“Blueprint” of knowledge

Question 23

Sensorimotor

Answer 23

Birth - 2 years old. Child explores using senses and new mobility. Develop object permanence - even when an object is hidden it still exists

Question 24

Preoperational

Answer 24

2 - 7 years old. Able to express knowledge verballe and understand more complicated sensorimotor stimuli (stove is hot sometimes). Do not understand reversibility of events (operations)

Question 25

Concrete Operational

Answer 25

7 - 12 years old. Understands cause and effect relationships and reversibility. Understands conservation of objects

Question 26

Formal Operational

Answer 26

12 + years old. Able to think theoretically and appl specific knowledge to general roles and vice versa (Algebra --> abstract theory)

Question 27

Criticisms of Piaget

Answer 27

1. Underestimate abilities of younger children and overestimates abilities of older children (stage 4 isn't guaranteed) 2. No description of what causes advancement to new stage 3. Underestimation of the role of social learning and culture 4. Development is not necessarily continuous 5. Piaget did majority of research on his own children

Question 28

Vygotsky Sociocultural Theories

Answer 28

Emphasizes that beliefs and values of surrounding culture have a profound influence on childhood development

Question 29

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 29

Experience and guidance of a teacher could help a child tackle tougher mental tasks than they could alone

Question 30

B.F. Skinner

Answer 30

Believed that child development was the result of environmental rewards

Question 31

Phonemic Awareness

Answer 31

Ability to identify sounds in words

Question 32

Family Resemblance Theory

Answer 32

Items are likely to be typical if they have features that are frequent in the category and do not have features frequent in other categories

Question 33

Psychological Essentialism

Answer 33

Belief that members of a category have an unseen property that causes them to be in the category and have the properties associated with it

Question 34

Sensorimotor Substages

Answer 34

Reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of reactions, tertiary circular reactions, early representational thought

Question 35

Schemata

Answer 35

Mental framework that humans use to organize and construct meaning from information

Question 36

Assimilation

Answer 36

Process by which new information about the world is incorporated into existing schemata

Question 37

Accomodation

Answer 37

Process of altering one's existing schemata as a result of new information of experiences

Question 38

Equilibriation

Answer 38

When we accommodate information to the point where the original schema no longer has meaning and we must form a new one

Question 39

Preattachment - 0 - 6 Weeks (attachment development)

Answer 39

Infants are in close contact with caregivers and rely on them for all needs. They are not distressed when left with someone else

Question 40

Attachment in the Making - 6 wks - 8 mos (attachment development)

Answer 40

Infants prefer familiar people but will eventually calm with new people

Question 41

Clear Cut Attachment - 8 - 18 mos (attachment development)

Answer 41

Infants actively seek comfort from caaregivers and may show signs of separation anxiety