Adrenal

Question 1

which hormones come from the medulla

Answer 1

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 2

which hormones come from the cortex

Answer 2

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

Question 3

epinephrine and norepinephrine belong to a group of monoamines called _______

Answer 3

catecholamines

Question 4

epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized from the amino acids _________ and ______

Answer 4

phenylalanine and tyrosine

Question 5

epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the _______

Answer 5

adrenal medulla, also in the nervous system

Question 6

medication use of epinephrine

Answer 6

anaphylaxis (acute allergy, bracelet + Anapen), cardiac arrest, superficial bleeding

Question 7

effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 7

increasing alertness, increasing blood pressure, increasing blood flow to muscles, increasing blood sugar level, increasing metabolic rate

Question 8

epinephrine and norepinephrine act on ____ receptors

Answer 8

adrenergic

Question 9

effects of epi and norepi on alpha1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 9

activates phospholipase C–> IP3 & DAG–> Ca2+—> smooth muscle contraction

Question 10

effects of epi and norepi on alpha 2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 10

inhibits adenylyl-cyclase—> cAMP–> smooth muscle contraction, inhibition of neurotransmitter release

Question 11

effects of epi and norepi on beta adrenergic receptors

Answer 11

activates adenylyl cyclase–> cAMP—–> heart muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation, glycogenolysis

Question 12

secretion and metabolism of epi and norepi is low when

Answer 12

in basal states, and reduced even further during sleep

Question 13

what triggers the release of epi and norepi

Answer 13

stresses processed in the CNS: physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, high or low temperature

Question 14

how are epi and norepi terminated

Answer 14

they have a short half-life– reuptake into cells for metabolism, delivered to liver for metabolism

Question 15

aldosterone is synthesized from ______

Answer 15

cholesterol

Question 16

the reactions that synthesize aldosterone from cholesterol are _____ dependent

Answer 16

enzyme (CYPs)

Question 17

aldosterone is produced within the _______ of adrenal cortex, because ___________ is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland

Answer 17

zona glomerulosa, aldosterone synthase

Question 18

aldosterone is one of the endogenous members of ________

Answer 18

mineralocorticoids

Question 19

aldosterone promotes _____ retention

Answer 19

Na+ and water

Question 20

aldosterone lowers plasma __ concentration

Answer 20

K+

Question 21

aldosterone is part of the _____ system

Answer 21

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 22

aldosterone helps regulate ______

Answer 22

blood pressure

Question 23

aldosterone acts on both ____ and _____ receptors

Answer 23

mineralocorticoid, nuclear

Question 24

what can cause secretion of aldosterone

Answer 24

blood loss, pregnancy, anxiety, endotoxin shock, burns, low sodium intakes, high plasma potassium

Question 25

what acts on the adrenal glands to produce cortical hormones

Answer 25

ACTH

Question 26

cortisol is synthesized from ______

Answer 26

cholesterol

Question 27

the reactions that synthesize cortisol from cholesterol are ____ dependent

Answer 27

enzyme (CYP)

Question 28

cortisol is produced within the ______ of adrenal cortex

Answer 28

zona fasciculata

Question 29

cortisol is stimulated by ____

Answer 29

ACTH

Question 30

hypothalamus releases _____ to anterior pituitary

Answer 30

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 31

anterior pituitary releases ____ to adrenal cortex

Answer 31

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 32

cortisol inhibits ____ and ____ through negative feedback

Answer 32

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 33

cortisol is a response to ____

Answer 33

stress

Question 34

cortisol ____ blood sugar

Answer 34

increases

Question 35

cortisol increases blood sugar through _______

Answer 35

gluconeogenesis

Question 36

cortisol increases the mobilization of ______ from protein

Answer 36

amino acids

Question 37

cortisol increases the levels of free _______, which cells can use as an alternative to glucose to obtain energy

Answer 37

fatty acids

Question 38

cortisol responds to low _____ concentration

Answer 38

blood glucose

Question 39

cortisol decreases ____ formation

Answer 39

bone (osteoporosis)

Question 40

cortisol suppresses the ____ system

Answer 40

immune (slows down wound healing)

Question 41

medication use of cortisol

Answer 41

anti-inflammation, suppression of immune response, adrenocortical insufficiency, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, asthma and copd

Question 42

cortisol mechanism of action

Answer 42

cortisol--> glucocorticoid receptor (GR)---> many other nuclear receptors

Question 43

____ cloned glucocorticoid receptor (GR)

Answer 43

Dr. Ronald Evans

Question 44

androgens are synthesized from _______

Answer 44

cholesterol

Question 45

androgens are produced primarily from _____ and also in the adrenal glands

Answer 45

gonads (testes>>ovaries)

Question 46

true or false: androgens are male sex hormones, females do not have them

Answer 46

FALSE: they are male sex hormones but females also have them at lower levels

Question 47

androgens bind to ____

Answer 47

androgen receptors (AR)

Question 48

testosterone is reduced by ____

Answer 48

5 alpha reductase

Question 49

what do androgens do in females

Answer 49

function in libido and sexual arousal, androgens are precursors to estrogens

Question 50

what do androgens do in males

Answer 50

regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics

Question 51

androgens general roles

Answer 51

growth, development, maintenance, decrease fat deposition, promote muscle enlargement

Question 52

5 things cortisol does

Answer 52

increase blood sugar, increase mobilization of amino acids from protein, increase levels of free fatty acids, suppress the immune system (slow down wound healing), decrease bone formation (osteoporosis)

Question 53

conn's syndrome is caused by _____

Answer 53

aldosterone-producing adenomas (the zona glomerulosa produces excess aldosterone)

Question 54

conn's syndrome causes _____ due to Na+ and water retention

Answer 54

high blood pressure

Question 55

conn's syndrome causes _____ due to low blood potassium or high blood pressure

Answer 55

headaches

Question 56

conn's syndrome causes _______ due to electrolyte imbalance

Answer 56

muscle cramps & weakness

Question 57

secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by ________

Answer 57

a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. a damage to corticotrophs in the pituitary ---> ATCH deficiency--> lack of cortisol

Question 58

symptoms of secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 58

chronic: fatigue, weight loss, delayed growth and development, low blood sugar levels acute: collapse, shock, vomiting

Question 59

______ disease is primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 59

Addison's

Question 60

Addison's disease is characterized by a deficiency in both ______ and _____ production by the adrenal gland

Answer 60

glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid

Question 61

Addison's disease is caused by _____ which produces antibodies against cells of the adrenal cortex, or caused by _____

Answer 61

autoimmune disease, infections such as tuberculosis

Question 62

symptom's of Addison's disease

Answer 62

generally come on slowly and may include weakness and weight loss. under certain circumstances, an adrenal crisis may occur

Question 63

what occurs during an adrenal crisis

Answer 63

low BP, vomiting, lower back pain, and loss of consciousness

Question 64

what triggers an adrenal crisis

Answer 64

stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection

Question 65

Addison's disease also causes _____ of the skin

Answer 65

darkening/hyperpigmentation

Question 66

why does Addison's disease cause hyperpigmentation/darkening of the skin

Answer 66

the pituitary produces more ATCH trying to make cortisol. MSH and ACTH share the same precursor POMC. MSH stimulates the production and release of melanin in melanocytes in skin.