Pituitary Gland Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
_____ glands secrete hormones directly into the blood
A
endocrine
2
Q
the ____ gland lies in a pocket of the sphenoid bone at the base of the brain
A
pituitary
3
Q
the _____ pituitary is made up largely of the endings of axons from the hypothalamus; and stores hormones from hypothalamus
A
posterior
4
Q
the _____ pituitary contains endocrine cells that synthesize and store hormones
A
anterior
5
Q
lactotrophs produce ______
A
prolactin
6
Q
corticotrophs produce ____
A
POMC: ACTH, B-LPH, a-MSH, B-endorphin
7
Q
thyrotrophs produce
A
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
8
Q
somatotrophs produce
A
growth hormopne
9
Q
the hormones synthesized by anterior pituitary are _______
A
TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, Prolactin
10
Q
the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary are
A
oxytocin, vasopressin
11
Q
oxytocin is a _____ hormone
A
peptide
12
Q
oxytocin is produced in the ______
A
hypothalamus
13
Q
oxytocin is stored and released from ______
A
posterior pituitary
14
Q
oxytocin plays a role in ________
A
childbirth, milk ejection, social bonding, sexual reproduction
15
Q
oxytocin medication facilitates ____
A
childbirth
16
Q
vasopressin is a _____ hormone
A
peptide
17
Q
vasopressin is also called ______
A
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
18
Q
vasopressin is synthesized in ______
A
hypothalamus
19
Q
vasopressin is stored and released from ________
A
posterior pituitary
20
Q
vasopressin increases ______
A
water reabsorption
21
Q
vasopressin causes _______
A
vasoconstriction
22
Q
prolactin is a ____ hormone
A
peptide
23
Q
prolactin is produced mainly in the ____ pituitary
A
anterior
24
Q
prolactin stimulates the _____ glands to produce _____
A
mammary, milk
25
prolactin teams with _______
oxytocin
26
TSH is a ____ hormone
peptide
27
TSH is produced mainly in the _______
anterior pituitary
28
TSH stimulates the _____ gland to produce T4 and T3, involved in growth and development
thyroid
29
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a ____ hormone
peptide
30
FSH is produced mainly in the _______
anterior pituitary
31
FSH regulates ______
development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes
32
FSH works together with ______ in the reproductive system
luteinizing hormone (LH)
33
LH is a ____ hormone
peptide
34
LH is produced mainly in the ______
anterior pituitary
35
in females, LH plays a role in ______
ovulation, maintaining of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
36
in males, LH plays a role in _______
testosterone secretion
37
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a _____ hormone
peptide
38
ACTH is produced and secreted by the _________
anterior pituitary
39
ACTH regulates the production and release of _______ in adrenal gland
cortisol
40
ACTH is produced in response to _________
biological stress
41
ACTH is biosynthesized from __________
proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
42
proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a large ________ that is cleaved to form a family of hormones
precursor protein
43
in corticotropes of the anterior lobe, POMC is hydrolyzed to ______, ______, and _____
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), B-lipotropin (LPH), B-endorphin
44
in the intermediate lobe cells, POMC is hydrolyzed to ______, ____, ____, and ______
corticotropin-like intermediate-lobe peptide (CLIP), y-LPH, B-endorphin, melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)
45
______ functions as a precursor of smaller peptides, such as MSH and endorphins
lipotropin (LPH)
46
_____ is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide; inhibits pain; affects mood and behavior
endorphin
47
______ stimulates the production and release of melanin in melanocytes in skin; protecting the skin from UV rays
melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)
48
MSH is a _____ hormone
peptide
49
MSH is generated from _____ and ______
POMC, melanocytes in the skin
50
MSH stimulates the production and release of _______ leading to darker skin and protecting the skin from UV rays
melanin
51
______ is a synthetic peptide and analogue of a-MSH for treatment of phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP)
afamelanotide
52
growth hormone is a ___ hormone
peptide
53
growth hormone is produced mainly in the ______
anterior pituitary
54
growth hormone promotes ____ biosynthesis
protein
55
growth hormone produces a positive ______ balance
nitrogen and phosphorus
56
growth hormone causes a fall in _______
BUN and amino acid levels
57
growth hormone causes increased ____ absorption in the GI
Ca2+
58
growth hormone reduces _____ excretion in the kidneys
Na+ and K+
59
growth hormone increases _____ output
hepatic glucose
60
growth hormone exerts an ______ effect in muscle
anti-insulin
61
growth hormone increases circulating free _____ which provides a ready source of energy for the tissues during hypoglycemia, fasting, and stressful stimuli
fatty acid
62
GH increases the ability of the pancreas to respond to ________
insulinogenic stimuli (glucose)
63
insulin promotes ____ biosynthesis which is an additional way GH promotes growth
protein
64
the effects of GH on growth depend on interaction between GH and _______
somatomedins
65
somatomedins are ________ secreted by the liver and other tissues
polypeptide growth factors
66
the principal circulating somatomedins are _______ and _______
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)
67
production of IGF is stimulated by __
GH
68
production of IGF can be retarded by ______
undernutrition
69
who has the highest levels of GH
adolescents>children>adults>elders
70
bursts of GH secretion occur during _____ and _______
sleep, exercise
71
_____ and _____ are GH-stimulating
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Ghrelin
72
______ inhibits GH release
somatostatin
73
GHRH is from the _____
hypothalamus
74
somatostatin is from the ____ and _____
hypothalamus and pancreas
75
ghrelin is from the ____ and ______
stomach, hypothalamus
76
three things that regulate GH secretion: _____, ______, ______
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin, ghrelin
77
______ is a condition due to the hypersecretion of pituitary hormones
hyperpituitarism
78
hyperpituitarism is caused by _____
a pituitary adenoma (tumor), usually in the anterior lobe
79
most pituitary adenomas are _____
monoclonal (origin from a single cell)
80
four most common types of pituitary adenomas causing hyperpituitarism
prolactinoma, corticotropinoma (cushing's disease), somatotropinoma (gigantism), thyrotropinoma
81
the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor is ______
prolactinoma
82
symptoms of prolactinoma
excess prolactin related (unexplained milk production, increase in male breast size), pressure of the tumor on surrounding tissues (nausea, vomiting)
83
diagnosis of prolactinoma
symptoms, measurement of serum prolactin, head CT or MRI scan
84
treatment for prolactinoma
dopamine agonist (shrink the tumor and return prolactin levels to normal, side effects) or surgery (medical therapy fails or cannot be tolerated, or tumor is too big causing pressure on surrounding tissues
85
________ causes increased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and over-production of cortisol
corticotropinoma
86
__% of endogenous cushing's syndrome are caused by corticotropinoma
80%
87
symptoms of cushing's
moon face, buffalo hump, dark facial hair in women, osteoporosis, cardiac hypertrophy, obesity, abdominal striae, amenorrhea in women, muscle wasting in extremities, skin ulcers (poor wound healing)
88
diagnosis of cushing's disease
symptoms, measurement of serum ACTH and cortisol, head CT or MRI scan
89
________ causes overproduction of TSH and thyroid hormones T4/T3
thyrotropinoma
90
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
increased appetite, weight loss, muscle weakness, eye problems (bulging)
91
_____ causes overproduction of GH and over-growth
somatotropinoma
92
______ is decreased secretion of one or more of the eight pituitary hormones
hypopituitarism
93
causes of hypopituitarism
tumors, infection & inflammation, insufficient development (hypoplasia), vascular, radiation, physical causes
94
deficiency of __ and ___ causes delayed development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes
LH, FSH
95
deficiency of __ causes growth retardation (children) and decrease in muscle mass (adults)
GH
96
deficiency of ____ causes adrenal insufficiency, and lack of cortisol
ACTH
97
symptoms of ACTH deficiency
chronic: fatigue, weight loss, delayed growth & development, low blood sugar levels
acute: collapse, shock, vomiting
98
deficiency of ___ leads to lack of T4/T3 and hypothyroidism
TSH
99
hypothyroidism symptoms
tiredness, intolerance to cold, weight gain, slowed HR, low BP, delayed growth in children
100
deficiency of ___ leads to inability to concentrate the urine, polyuria (production of large amounts of urine), dehydration, extreme thirst and constant need to drink (polydipsia)
ADH
101
_________ is decreased secretion of most or all pituitary hormones
panhypopituitarism
102
_____ treats adrenal insufficiency
hydrocortisone (cortisol)
103
_____ treats hypothyroidism
levothyroxine
104
_____ treats male hypogonadism
testosterone
105
____ treats female hypogonadism
estradiol
106
_____ treats dwarfism at an early age
growth hormone
