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Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

the pancreas is an _____ gland that secretes a variety of digestive hormones

A

exocrine

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2
Q

the _____ function of the pancreas secretes pancreatic islets and hormones to blood

A

endocrine

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3
Q

the four hormones the pancreas secretes to the blood

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

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4
Q

the pancreas is a long and slender organ located _____ to the bottom half of the stomach

A

posterior

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5
Q

the ___ cells (exocrine) of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes to GI

A

acinar

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6
Q

the ______ (exocrine) of the pancreas secrete hormones to blood

A

pancreatic islets

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7
Q

__ cells produce insulin

A

beta

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8
Q

____ cells produce glucagon

A

alpha

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9
Q

___ cells produce somatostatin

A

delta

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10
Q

___ cells produce PP

A

F

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11
Q

____ and ____ discovered insulin

A

frederick banting and J.J.R. Macleod

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12
Q

insulin is composed of ____

A

two peptide chains (A chain and B chain)

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13
Q

A chain and B chain are linked together by _____

A

two disulfide bonds (and an additional disulfide is formed within the A chain)

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14
Q

insulin is synthesized by ______ and ____ in the beta cells

A

ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

insulin is packaged into membrane-bound granules by the ____ of beta cells

A

golgi apparatus

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16
Q

insulin is secreted to the neighboring capillary and then the bloodstream by _____

A

exocytosis

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17
Q

preproinsulin consists of _____

A

A+B+C+ signal peptide

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18
Q

proinsulin consists of ______

A

A+B+C peptide

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19
Q

The C peptide is removed from proinsulin producing ____

A

insulin (A+B+peptide)

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20
Q

the half-life of insulin in the circulation in humans is about ____

A

5 min

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21
Q

insulin is destroyed by proteases in the endosomes formed by the ______

A

endocytotic process

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22
Q

4 principle actions of insulin

A

increase usage of nutrition, increase synthesis, increase growth, decrease degradation

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23
Q

for carbohydrate metabolism, insulin stimulates ____, _____, and _____

A

glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue

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24
Q

for fat metabolism, insulin stimulates _____

A

lipogenesis

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25
for protein metabolism, insulin stimulates _____
protein synthesis
26
for carbohydrate metabolism, insulin stops _____ and _____
gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
27
for fat metabolism, insulin stops _____ and ____
lipolysis, ketogenesis
28
for protein metabolism, insulin stops ____
proteolysis
29
within seconds, insulin increases transport of ______ into insulin-sensitive cells
glucose, amino acids, K+
30
within minutes, insulin stimulates protein ____
synthesis
31
within minutes, insulin inhibits protein ____
degradation
32
within minutes, insulin activates _______ enzymes and ______
glycolytic enzymes and glycogen synthase
33
within minutes, insulin inhibits _____ and ____ enzymes
phosphorylase and gluconeogenic enzymes
34
insulin receptors have two __ and two __ subunits
alpha, beta
35
the alpha subunits bind insulin and are _____
extracellular
36
the beta subunits span the ___
membrane
37
the intracellular portions of the beta subunits have _____ activity
tyrosine kinase
38
insulin receptors have ___ effects
biologic
39
glucagon is produced by the __ cells of the pancreatic islets and also the ___ cells of the GI tract
alpha, L
40
the half-life of glucagon in the circulation is ___
5-10 min
41
glucagon is degraded by many tissues but particularly the ___
liver
42
glucagon ______the concentration of glucose
increases
43
somatostatin is a peptide hormone produced by the __ cells of pancreatic islets and also from _____
D cells; also from hypothalamus
44
somatostatin is an ____ hormone
inhibitory
45
somatostatin is also known as ______
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
46
somatostatin inhibits the secretion of _____, ____, and ______
insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide
47
somatostatin inhibits the release of ____
growth hormone (GH)
48
somatostatin suppresses the release of ______ (endocrine)
pancreatic hormones
49
somatostatin suppresses the _____ secretory action of the pancreas
exocrine
50
somatostatin inhibits the release of _____
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
51
somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as ___
gastrin
52
pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is produced by __ cells in the islets
F cells
53
the secretion of PP is decreased by _____
somatostatin
54
_____ slows food absorption
pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
55
physiological function of PP
unknown
56
____ acts on pancreatic beta cells to increase insulin secretion
glucose
57
glucose enters beta cells by ____ transporters
GLUT2
58
glucose is metabolized to ____ to produce ATP
pyruvate
59
ATP inhibits ATP-sensitive __ channels, reducing __ efflux and depolarizing the beta cell
K+
60
depolarization of the beta cell increases ___ influx
Ca2+
61
the Ca2+ stimulates release of insulin by ____
exocytosis
62
glutamine is also formed and primes secretory ____, preparing them for exocytosis
granules
63
insulin deficiency is usually caused by an _______ destruction of the beta cells in the pancreatic islets
autoimmune
64
destruction of beta cells in the pancreatic islets leads to ______, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
type 1 diabetes
65
type 1 diabetes usually presents in ___
children
66
insulin _____ is dysfunction of insulin receptor and/or its downstream signaling pathways
resistance
67
insulin resistance occurs in peripheral tissues such as ___
skeletal muscle and liver
68
in type _ diabetes, cells fail to respond normally to insulin
2
69
___ diabetes occurs in pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes
gestational
70
insulin deficiency causes intracellular deficit of ____
glucose
71
insulin deficiency increases the catabolism of ____ and ____
protein, fat
72
increased fat catabolism leads to _____
ketosis
73
______ is a strong sensation of hunger caused by deficient glucose utilization and deficient hormone sensing in the cells of the hypothalamus
hyperphagia
74
thyroid hormones can increase _____ of glucose from the intestine
absorption
75
thyroid hormones can accelerate the degradation of ____
insulin
76
which intestinal hormones increase insulin secretion
glucagon, glucagon derivatives, secretin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
77
which protein and fat derivatives increase insulin secretion
arginine, leucine, and certain other amino acids, beta-keto acids such as acetoacetate
78
what are the consequences of insulin resistance
glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, intracellular glucose deficiency, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, acidosis, coma
79
three ketone bodies
acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid
80
what is a long term/chronic complication of diabetes
damage to blood vessels
81
symptoms of hypoglycemia
headachy, hungry, sweaty, shaky, confused, dizzy, grumpy
82
____ is the only fuel used by the brain
glucose
83
how does insulin interact with thyroid hormones
thyroid hormones cause hyperglycemic or diabetogenic effects
84
what is the anti-insulin effect of thyroid hormones
increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to generate free glucose
85
three ways thyroid hormones lead to hyperglycemic or diabetogenic effects
increase absorption of glucose from the intestine, accelerate the degradation of insulin, cause hepatic glycogen depletion
86
glycogen-depleted liver cells are easily ___
damaged. when the liver is damaged, the liver takes up less of the absorbed glucose
87
80% of patients with Cushing's have ______
glucose intolerance (can't get rid of glucose)
88
in patients with adrenal insufficiency, the plasma glucose lowering effect of insulin is _____
enhanced
89
how do adrenal glucocorticoids interact with insulin
they have hyperglycemic or diabetogenic effects because they increase protein catabolism, increase gluconeogenesis in liver, and decrease peripheral glucose utilization
90
how does epinephrine interact with insulin
epinephrine increases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, increases glycolysis in muscle and decreases glycolysis in liver
91
how does growth hormone interact with insulin
it causes hyperglycemic or diabetogenic effects
92
25% of patients with _____ tumors of the pituitary have diabetes
growth-hormone secreting tumors
93
_____ treatment increases insulin resistance
growth hormone
94
how does growth hormone cause hyperglycemic or diabetogenic effects
decreases glucose uptake (anti insulin), increase hepatic glucose output, decrease tissue binding of insulin, mobilize FFA from adipose (favoring ketogenesis)
95
growth hormone does not stimulate insulin secretion directly, but the _____ it produces secondarily stimulates the pancreas and may eventually ______
hyperglycemia, exhaust the b cells
96
which hormones interact with insulin and cause hyperglycemia
glucagon, thyroid hormones, adrenal glucocorticoids, epinephrine, growth hormone

Anatomy (6 decks)

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