Adrenocortical Function/Dysfunction

Question 1

Does adrenal cortex and medulla form together?

Answer 1

Nope. different origin, fused during development

Question 2

Adrenal cortex is what kind of gland? secretes what in general?

Answer 2

true endocrine gland

secretes steroids

Question 3

adrenal medulla is what kind of gland? secretes?

Answer 3

modified sympathetic ganglion secretes neurohormones (catecholamines)

Question 4

Adrenal cortex, which layers secrete what?

Answer 4

1. Glomerulosa: Aldosterone
2. Fasciculata: Glucocorticoids
3. Reticularis: Sex hormomes

Question 5

Glucocorticoids example?

Answer 5

Cortisol

Question 6

ACTH from anterior pituitary is tropic to which regions in adrenal?

Answer 6

Fasciculata

Reticularis

Question 7

Example of mineralocorticoid?

Answer 7

Aldosterone via RAAS and plasma K+

Question 8

What is produced in reticularis?

Answer 8

Androgens
Estrogens
DHEA

Question 9

What is dehydroepiandrosterone?

Answer 9

precursor to androgens

Question 10

different steroids and chemically related which leads to?

Answer 10

cross over effects eg. cortisol and aldosterone

Question 11

Cortisol negative feedback to:

Answer 11

ACTH

CRH

Question 12

Cortisol does what to immune system?

Answer 12

suppresses

Question 13

Cortisol does what to muscle?

Answer 13

protein catabolism

Question 14

Cortisol does what to adipose tissue?

Answer 14

lipolysis

Question 15

Cortisol does what to liver?

Answer 15

gluconeogenesis

Question 16

CRH not just for cortisol, what else can it mediate?

Answer 16

inhibit appetite
signal labour via placenta
mood disorders

Question 17

What does urocortin do?

Answer 17

brain neuropeptide that decreases appetite

Question 18

POMC is a what?

Answer 18

large protein prohormone

Question 19

POMC stands for?

Answer 19

pro-opiomelanocortin

Question 20

What do you get from POMC in pituitary? 3 things

Answer 20

1. ACTH
2. y-lipotropin
3. B-endorphin

Question 21

What happens to ACTH processing in non-pituitary tissues?

Answer 21

creates a-MSH

Question 22

What is a-MSH? what does it do? 3 things

Answer 22

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (melanocortins)

1. melanin synthesis
2. immune response
3. decrease food intake

Question 23

Cortisol protect you how?

Answer 23

protects against hypoglycemia

Question 24

when does cortisol peak? low?

Answer 24

Diurnal
peaks in morning
low night

Question 25

Cortisol is permissive for?

Answer 25

glucagon | catecholamine

Question 26

Cortisol does what to bone?

Answer 26

decrease absorption increase excretion bone breakdown

Question 27

Cortisol as drug does what?

Answer 27

inhibit inflammatory response | prevent rejection of organ transplant

Question 28

what happens in long term use of Cortisol?

Answer 28

inhibition of ACTH scretion and atrophy of cortisol secreting cells

Question 29

When you go off prednisone or Cortisol analogue, how do you do it?

Answer 29

taper doses gradually

Question 30

2 kinds of hyperaldosteronism is?

Answer 30

1. primary: Conn's Syndrome | 2. Secondary: RAS

Question 31

What does hyperaldosteronism cause? 3 things

Answer 31

1. hypertension 2. hypokalemia 3. hypertension

Question 32

2 kinds of excess cortisol is?

Answer 32

1. Primary: Cushing Syndrome | 2. Secondary: pituitary tumour: Cushing's Disease

Question 33

Adrenogenital syndrome cause?

Answer 33

lack of enzyme in cortisol steroidogenic pathway

Question 34

Cushing's fat deposits where?

Answer 34

Face | trunk

Question 35

What are the red purple striate on trunk caused by in Cushing's?

Answer 35

fat deposits

Question 36

Why do you get Moon Face in Cushings?

Answer 36

excess glucocorticoid causing more mineralocortocoid action: salt and water retention

Question 37

Adrenal hyposecretion common?

Answer 37

Less common than hypersecretion

Question 38

CRH: low ACTH: low Cortisol: High

Answer 38

Adrenal cortex problem

Question 39

Primary adrenal insufficiency is?

Answer 39

Addison's Disease

Question 40

Addison's disease is what kind of destruction?

Answer 40

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

Question 41

CRH: low ACTH: High Cortisol: High

Answer 41

Anterior pituitary problem

Question 42

What hormones affected in Addison's?

Answer 42

Aldosterone K+retention (Cardiac arrhythmias, Na depletion (hypotension) cortisol

Question 43

Adrenal cortex problem levels of CRH, ACTH, Cortisol?

Answer 43

CRH: low ACTH: low Cortisol: High

Question 44

If you have lack of adrenal steroid enzymes what can happen?

Answer 44

More androgens because no enzymes to make the cholesterol into cortisol or aldosterone

Question 45

CRH: High ACTH: High Cortisol: High

Answer 45

hypothalamic problem

Question 46

Secondary cortisol deficiency can be causee by?

Answer 46

abnormal hypothalamus/pituitary

Question 47

What is made in adrenal medulla?

Answer 47

adrenaline | noradrenaline

Question 48

hypothalamic problem levels of CRH, ACTH, Cortisol?

Answer 48

CRH: High ACTH: High Cortisol: High

Question 49

What cells secrete the neurohormones in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 49

Chromaffin cells

Question 50

Anterior pituitary problem levels of CRH, ACTH, Cortisol?

Answer 50

CRH: low ACTH: High Cortisol: High

Question 51

What are catecholamines?

Answer 51

Adrenaline (epinephine) Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Dopamine

Question 52

What is PNMT (Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase)? where is it?

Answer 52

Only in adrenal medulla, converts Norepinephrine to epinephrine

Question 53

Backbone molecule in catecholamines are?

Answer 53

Tyrosine

Question 54

What does Pheochromocytomas do?

Answer 54

Tumour of hypersecretion of catecholamines

Question 55

What is potentially deadly about adrenal medulla hypersecretion?

Answer 55

prolong hypertension

Question 56

2 types of stress:

Answer 56

Acute | Chronic: cortisol: suppress immune system

Question 57

Why is chronic stress bad?

Answer 57

impairs future response to acute or chronic stress